Energy crunch facing the unavoidable future of energy may be the best strategy, it is also likely to avoid the economic, social and ecological destruction of the only best choice.Hydraulic fracturing Whether energy policymakers choose which path the next few decades, the world will face in the future energy limit.
If rebuilding the global energy infrastructure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,Proppant it means that you want to cancel on oil, coal, natural gas stimulus policies and subsidies, and transfer to include solar, wind, geothermal and other renewable energy industries.frac sand As long as fossil fuels are still in use, it is necessary for carbon dioxide capture and storage.
gas fracking
2013年8月30日星期五
Seventy--one percent of Americans agree that exporting domestic natural gas will help create U.S. jobs
according to a new poll conducted by Harris Interactive for API’s “What America is Thinking on Energy Issues” series.
"American voters know that exporting more of America's domestic energy would lead to more jobs,hydraulic fracturing help the economy, and reduce the nation’s trade deficit," said API Chief Economist John Felmy. "The United States has the opportunity to get it right and use its abundant supplies of clean-burning natural gas resources to meet the president’s goal for doubling U.S. exports by 2015.”
The telephone poll of 1,006 registered American voters found that in addition to supporting the U.S. economy and job creation, more U.S. natural gas exports would help reduce the U.S. trade deficit (63 percent), helps keep energy dollars here in the U.S. rather than being sent to other regions of the world (66 percent),frac sand and increase the nation’s energy security (64 percent).
Positive support for exporting U.S. natural gas by a majority of American voters is reinforced by facts reported in a recent study produced by ICF International. The study finds that U.S. LNG exports could spur strong domestic economic and job growth.
“Industry advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have led to a dramatic increase in the estimated recoverable shale gas resources here in the U.S.,” said Felmy. “The American people get it. The U.S. can be a global energy superpower as long as our leaders pursue smart energy policy. We are also the global leaders on clean air.Proppant Technological advances that have enabled us to reach natural gas from shale have also helped the U.S. lower its carbon dioxide to 1994 levels.”
"American voters know that exporting more of America's domestic energy would lead to more jobs,hydraulic fracturing help the economy, and reduce the nation’s trade deficit," said API Chief Economist John Felmy. "The United States has the opportunity to get it right and use its abundant supplies of clean-burning natural gas resources to meet the president’s goal for doubling U.S. exports by 2015.”
The telephone poll of 1,006 registered American voters found that in addition to supporting the U.S. economy and job creation, more U.S. natural gas exports would help reduce the U.S. trade deficit (63 percent), helps keep energy dollars here in the U.S. rather than being sent to other regions of the world (66 percent),frac sand and increase the nation’s energy security (64 percent).
Positive support for exporting U.S. natural gas by a majority of American voters is reinforced by facts reported in a recent study produced by ICF International. The study finds that U.S. LNG exports could spur strong domestic economic and job growth.
“Industry advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have led to a dramatic increase in the estimated recoverable shale gas resources here in the U.S.,” said Felmy. “The American people get it. The U.S. can be a global energy superpower as long as our leaders pursue smart energy policy. We are also the global leaders on clean air.Proppant Technological advances that have enabled us to reach natural gas from shale have also helped the U.S. lower its carbon dioxide to 1994 levels.”
2013年8月29日星期四
Shale oil has been classified as oil-producing countries in Africa experiencing one of the most serious threats
According to data provided by the International Energy Agency , from this year to 2018 , the United States and Canada 's oil production will grow 21 % or more. This means that a historic ,Frac sand far beyond human expectation reversal. It is reported that , after peaking in 1970 , U.S. crude oil production continues to decline for 20 years, until 2008 , after the success of shale oil development . With the " fracking " and other mining technology makes deep in North Dakota and Texas shale oil resources can be a lot of mining, U.S. crude oil production has increased to its highest level in 21 years . In addition, other areas of shale reserves , such as Pennsylvania, the vast majority of natural gas based.
Obviously , accounting for about one third of global oil production OPEC , the U.S. shale oil change startled. 2010 , the organization expects 2014 U.S. and Canadian oil production for Nissan 1180 million barrels. Just two years later, the expectations have been raised to 1,450 barrels per day.
In fact , just five years ago, the rapid growth of oil production is still a "not what might happen ," frac sand companies because shale oil production requires oil prices remain at least $ 70 a barrel , which was basically a non- sustained . However, in the past two years , by the Libyan civil war and tensions in the Gulf States and other OPEC boosted geopolitical risks , oil prices have gone far beyond the $ 70 level.
In view of the increase in domestic production , three African members of OPEC - Nigeria, Algeria and Angola 's oil exports to the U.S. fell to the lowest level in decades . According to data provided by the United States Department of Energy , 2012 U.S. imports from the three African countries, the scale of oil , 41% less than in 2011 , largely due to shale oil production soared. In comparison, in 2012 the Saudi oil exports to the U.S. grew by 14%. Recently, Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi said that the growth of non-conventional energy supply will not be in the global oil supply in Saudi dominance threat. The reason is simple , the demand is also increasing. Naimi said: " I think that we should not be afraid of new supply ...... , cakes becoming large enough to allow people to share ."
However, Madhu Exeter have seen their faces danger. This month, she was in the UK , said, " shale oil has been classified as oil-producing countries in Africa experiencing one of the most serious threats in view of African oil-producing countries is gradually being out of the U.S. market, they may lose 25 % of its oil income . "
Some analysts pointed out , with Saudi Arabia 's heavy sour crude oil are different, the production of light sweet crude oil in Nigeria and shale oil in direct competition. Because of this, Nigeria hardest hit . Others do not provide services for the U.S. market, OPEC members , such as Iran , but also on the rise in U.S. shale oil production there are a lot of dissatisfaction . In an interview with " Wall Street Journal " interview, Iran's OPEC representative pointed out that the U.S. shale oil production rose and lukewarm demand for oil is low oil prices.
According to reports , so far,ceramic proppant shale oil in the United States challenges the question of how much OPEC members did not reach consensus. Undoubtedly, the organization may not afford the new divisions . 2008 , as oil prices fell below $ 100 a barrel , Saudi Arabia was forced to abandon unilateral decision to increase production .
U.S. shale oil boom exacerbate differences within OPEC
"Wall Street Journal" reported that the U.S. energy industry boom is intensifying OPEC (OPEC) internal differences.hydraulic fracturing The organization had to face in the global oil trade revolution of the environment, such differences may result in Africa and the Arab rift between Member States.
On Friday, OPEC meeting in Vienna, focused on rising U.S. shale oil production impact, and spawned differences. Most vulnerable to the impact of the OPEC member countries should be urged to do when oil prices fall further reduce production preparation. Gulf members of OPEC representative said that "We are to some problems."
OPEC oil and the United States that produce shale oil level almost African Member States, (such as Algeria and Nigeria),frac sand from North America are suffering the worst effects of the oil boom. Nigeria's Petroleum Resources Minister Madhu Exeter that the U.S. shale oil is a "serious concern."
In comparison, the Gulf States, especially Saudi Arabia, robust growth in the U.S. shale oil shock lightest. You know, in all members of OPEC, only the Gulf countries have cut production flexibility. However, several delegates said, despite having this flexibility, however unlikely Gulf States agreed at its meeting on Friday cut.
This will exacerbate problems in recent years, OPEC's power struggle. It is understood that require the use of high oil prices to fill domestic spending and offset the decline in production affect Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, often to the Saudi-led Gulf conflict. As we all know, the Gulf states are financially strong to withstand lower oil prices.
Of course, OPEC had to overcome in the face of external threats when a series of internal differences.ceramic ball It is worth mentioning that in 2008 during the outbreak of the global financial crisis, OPEC members agreed to reduce the more than 400 million barrels of daily output, aimed at suppressing the price of oil fell. However, the differences between the representatives have said that in view of the North American OPEC oil supply rose for impact is not evenly distributed, so the use of coordinated production cuts to support oil prices will become more difficult.
On Friday, OPEC meeting in Vienna, focused on rising U.S. shale oil production impact, and spawned differences. Most vulnerable to the impact of the OPEC member countries should be urged to do when oil prices fall further reduce production preparation. Gulf members of OPEC representative said that "We are to some problems."
OPEC oil and the United States that produce shale oil level almost African Member States, (such as Algeria and Nigeria),frac sand from North America are suffering the worst effects of the oil boom. Nigeria's Petroleum Resources Minister Madhu Exeter that the U.S. shale oil is a "serious concern."
In comparison, the Gulf States, especially Saudi Arabia, robust growth in the U.S. shale oil shock lightest. You know, in all members of OPEC, only the Gulf countries have cut production flexibility. However, several delegates said, despite having this flexibility, however unlikely Gulf States agreed at its meeting on Friday cut.
This will exacerbate problems in recent years, OPEC's power struggle. It is understood that require the use of high oil prices to fill domestic spending and offset the decline in production affect Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, often to the Saudi-led Gulf conflict. As we all know, the Gulf states are financially strong to withstand lower oil prices.
Of course, OPEC had to overcome in the face of external threats when a series of internal differences.ceramic ball It is worth mentioning that in 2008 during the outbreak of the global financial crisis, OPEC members agreed to reduce the more than 400 million barrels of daily output, aimed at suppressing the price of oil fell. However, the differences between the representatives have said that in view of the North American OPEC oil supply rose for impact is not evenly distributed, so the use of coordinated production cuts to support oil prices will become more difficult.
2013年8月28日星期三
How dollars into commodity currencies?
Then the dollar and how it becomes a commodity currencies?
Growing oil production can effectively reduce U.S. foreign oil dependence, but at the same time, the world's other major economies such as the EU, Japan, Asia and other emerging countries, because of reduced production and other factors facing increasing energy gap .Hydraulic fracturing According to EIA forecasts that by 2035, the European daily oil imports rose from 10 million barrels to 12 million barrels, while the next 20 years, Asian countries other than Japan daily oil imports will rise from 1,400 barrels to 3000 million barrels.
In future prices $ 200 / barrel basis, the U.S. net oil imports only from 2011 to $ 300 billion to $ 600 billion in 2035, while Europe increased from $ 300 billion to $ 1 trillion, from emerging countries in Asia $ 45 million rose to $ 2.5 trillion.ceramic ball From the GDP accounting point of view, the next 10 years, U.S. oil imports accounted for 2% of GDP, down from 1%, while in Europe rose to 2.5 percent from 2 percent in Japan rose to 3.5 percent from 3 percent, the Asian emerging countries from less than 4 percent to more than 5%.
This change will lead to a strong dollar. Stage, UBS estimates between the euro and the dollar should be 1:1.15-1.20 reasonable parity, the future dollar will appreciate. Similarly,frac sand companies the U.S. dollar against the yen rose 1:90-100 parity will also benefit from 1:75, and the yuan to appreciate against the U.S. dollar will not last.
Growing oil production can effectively reduce U.S. foreign oil dependence, but at the same time, the world's other major economies such as the EU, Japan, Asia and other emerging countries, because of reduced production and other factors facing increasing energy gap .Hydraulic fracturing According to EIA forecasts that by 2035, the European daily oil imports rose from 10 million barrels to 12 million barrels, while the next 20 years, Asian countries other than Japan daily oil imports will rise from 1,400 barrels to 3000 million barrels.
In future prices $ 200 / barrel basis, the U.S. net oil imports only from 2011 to $ 300 billion to $ 600 billion in 2035, while Europe increased from $ 300 billion to $ 1 trillion, from emerging countries in Asia $ 45 million rose to $ 2.5 trillion.ceramic ball From the GDP accounting point of view, the next 10 years, U.S. oil imports accounted for 2% of GDP, down from 1%, while in Europe rose to 2.5 percent from 2 percent in Japan rose to 3.5 percent from 3 percent, the Asian emerging countries from less than 4 percent to more than 5%.
This change will lead to a strong dollar. Stage, UBS estimates between the euro and the dollar should be 1:1.15-1.20 reasonable parity, the future dollar will appreciate. Similarly,frac sand companies the U.S. dollar against the yen rose 1:90-100 parity will also benefit from 1:75, and the yuan to appreciate against the U.S. dollar will not last.
2013年8月27日星期二
Future of Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply
To the European debt crisis has battered , however, the more deadly crisis is waiting for Europe - Future Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply . Caught in this dilemma ,Ceramic proppant Europe can be said to suffer , because from a global perspective , the existing oil production is quite rich, while the internal environment unfavorable factors allows the energy industry struggling European tradition . A British think tank 's report that, in order to get rid of oil consumption dilemma, Europe needs to invest trillions of euros , however, existing policies may not attract so much investment.
Peak oil warning still fresh ,frac sand companies Greenpeace environmental slogans are everywhere , but fossil fuels will eventually not yet reached the point where so urgent . In recent years , with the massive proven oil reserves , the world's oil supply at least the next 100 years without problems. For a country, which aims to provide the impetus oil , it is not only the transport sector , manufacturing uptime guarantee , it is the basis of everyday life of ordinary people , no oil , no country can not achieve sustainable development , and more not in a competitive foothold on the international stage .
Currently, most of Europe 's oil supply from the North Sea, while the region 's oil production has declined compared to 2002 by 50%. Also includes Libya, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, these countries domestic political instability, social unrest often. These factors laid the disruption of oil supply risks. In fact, no need to rely on overseas fossil energy in Europe , through the development of local fields can solve the problem. To this end it is necessary to amend existing European energy policy , excluding the "Energy Roadmap " and reduce fossil fuel consumption requirements, this provision has so many stupid investors discouraged the European oil and gas industry .
As we all know , shale gas revolution changed the U.S. energy landscape , so gas prices dropped significantly , manufacturing renaissance accelerated , the U.S. economic recovery is encouraged . In fact, the U.S. is not only rich in natural gas , but also has huge oil reserves , since gas-rich areas are often vast deposits of oil. The United States is interested in expanding oil production , which will undoubtedly speed up the economic development of the United States . In contrast Europe,unconventional gas exclusive development of renewable energy and oil and gas projects cumbersome approval process so that oil and gas developers are frustrated confidence .
Peak oil warning still fresh ,frac sand companies Greenpeace environmental slogans are everywhere , but fossil fuels will eventually not yet reached the point where so urgent . In recent years , with the massive proven oil reserves , the world's oil supply at least the next 100 years without problems. For a country, which aims to provide the impetus oil , it is not only the transport sector , manufacturing uptime guarantee , it is the basis of everyday life of ordinary people , no oil , no country can not achieve sustainable development , and more not in a competitive foothold on the international stage .
Currently, most of Europe 's oil supply from the North Sea, while the region 's oil production has declined compared to 2002 by 50%. Also includes Libya, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, these countries domestic political instability, social unrest often. These factors laid the disruption of oil supply risks. In fact, no need to rely on overseas fossil energy in Europe , through the development of local fields can solve the problem. To this end it is necessary to amend existing European energy policy , excluding the "Energy Roadmap " and reduce fossil fuel consumption requirements, this provision has so many stupid investors discouraged the European oil and gas industry .
As we all know , shale gas revolution changed the U.S. energy landscape , so gas prices dropped significantly , manufacturing renaissance accelerated , the U.S. economic recovery is encouraged . In fact, the U.S. is not only rich in natural gas , but also has huge oil reserves , since gas-rich areas are often vast deposits of oil. The United States is interested in expanding oil production , which will undoubtedly speed up the economic development of the United States . In contrast Europe,unconventional gas exclusive development of renewable energy and oil and gas projects cumbersome approval process so that oil and gas developers are frustrated confidence .
2013年8月25日星期日
Shale gas development needs facing the scientific and technological research (1)
1, shale gas resource evaluation techniques
Summary of marine and continental shale gas accumulation mechanism, enrichment patterns, create different types of shale gas accumulation model,Frac sand shale gas resource evaluation to determine the key parameters, methodology and evaluation criteria, focusing on research and development and the formation of shale gas analysis technology and equipment,shale gas as identified shale gas resources to provide technical support.
2, shale gas favorable target preferred assessment method
Save in shale gas accumulation and distribution characteristics of geological conditions, based on the technical suitability and economic analysis, focusing on shale gas reservoir geology and main controlling factors, from sedimentary facies, tectonic evolution, depth conditions, organic matter content, thermal maturity, resource abundance, etc.,ceramic ball to establish favorable target preferred shale gas evaluation methods and standards, and provide technical support for the deployment of exploration.
Summary of marine and continental shale gas accumulation mechanism, enrichment patterns, create different types of shale gas accumulation model,Frac sand shale gas resource evaluation to determine the key parameters, methodology and evaluation criteria, focusing on research and development and the formation of shale gas analysis technology and equipment,shale gas as identified shale gas resources to provide technical support.
2, shale gas favorable target preferred assessment method
Save in shale gas accumulation and distribution characteristics of geological conditions, based on the technical suitability and economic analysis, focusing on shale gas reservoir geology and main controlling factors, from sedimentary facies, tectonic evolution, depth conditions, organic matter content, thermal maturity, resource abundance, etc.,ceramic ball to establish favorable target preferred shale gas evaluation methods and standards, and provide technical support for the deployment of exploration.
Investigation and assessment of shale gas resource potential
Oil and gas resources in the national strategy for selection of special, set "national investigation and evaluation of shale gas resource potential and the favorable area preferred" project,hydraulic fracturing the country is divided into the Upper Yangtze land and Dianqiangui, Middle and Lower Yangtze and the southeast, north and northeast, northwest and Tibet five major areas, shale gas resources and potential to carry out the investigation and evaluation.
1, the National Distribution of organic-rich shales
2011 to 2013, analysis of the existing regional geological survey and exploration of oil and gas and other information, the implementation of geological survey, geophysical and geochemical exploration conducted surveys and shallow wells, the completion of field profile measured 50 kilometers,frac sand non-seismic geophysical exploration 10,000 one thousand meters geological Asai 200, access to all areas of organic-rich shale basic information on land in China as soon as possible to identify the distribution of organic-rich shales and basic parameters, preferably prospective areas of shale gas resources.
2, the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation
In Sichuan and Hubei Province in east, north Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi Qiannan Nanpanjiang; Hunan - Dongting, northwestern Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Anhui; Erdos, Southern North Songliao, Bohai Bay Basin, Liaohe Depression, Tarim , Junggar and Turpan-Hami, Santanghu, Qaidam, Qiangtang, such as basins and regions, focusing on both other regions, the deployment D seismic 20,000 kilometers non-seismic geophysical exploration 40,000 kilometers,frac proppant survey wells 50 , access to shale gas system parameters to evaluate the resource potential, basic grasp of the national shale gas geological resources and recoverable resources distribution, preferably shale gas enrichment favorable target areas, study concludes that shale gas enrichment regularity. Construction of the investigation and evaluation of shale gas, exploration and exploitation and utilization of integrated demonstration area to promote the shale gas industry, the rapid formation and development.
Shale gas development goals
1, the overall goal
By 2015, the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,Unconventional gas control and distribution of shale gas resource potential, preferably a number of shale gas prospects and favorable target areas, and built a number of shale gas exploration and development, the initial realization scale production. Shale gas exploration and development of a major breakthrough in key technologies, the main production equipment to achieve independence, forming a series of national technical standards and specifications shale gas, shale gas to establish a sound industrial policy system for the "13 5" shale air rapid development has laid a solid foundation.
2, the specific planning objectives
"Twelve Five" period to achieve the following planning objectives:
(A) the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,ceramic ball the initial grasp of shale gas resources in the country and its distribution volume, preferably 30 to 50 shale gas prospects and 50 to 80 favorable target areas.
(2) proven geological reserves of shale gas 600 billion cubic meters, recoverable reserves of 200 billion cubic meters. 2015 production of 6.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas.
(3) forming geological conditions suited to China's shale gas resource evaluation Geological Survey and technical methods, shale gas exploration and development of key technologies and ancillary equipment.
(4) the formation of shale gas research and evaluation, resource reserves, experimental analysis and testing,fracturing proppant exploration and development, environmental protection and other areas of technical standards and specifications.
By 2015, the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,Unconventional gas control and distribution of shale gas resource potential, preferably a number of shale gas prospects and favorable target areas, and built a number of shale gas exploration and development, the initial realization scale production. Shale gas exploration and development of a major breakthrough in key technologies, the main production equipment to achieve independence, forming a series of national technical standards and specifications shale gas, shale gas to establish a sound industrial policy system for the "13 5" shale air rapid development has laid a solid foundation.
2, the specific planning objectives
"Twelve Five" period to achieve the following planning objectives:
(A) the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,ceramic ball the initial grasp of shale gas resources in the country and its distribution volume, preferably 30 to 50 shale gas prospects and 50 to 80 favorable target areas.
(2) proven geological reserves of shale gas 600 billion cubic meters, recoverable reserves of 200 billion cubic meters. 2015 production of 6.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas.
(3) forming geological conditions suited to China's shale gas resource evaluation Geological Survey and technical methods, shale gas exploration and development of key technologies and ancillary equipment.
(4) the formation of shale gas research and evaluation, resource reserves, experimental analysis and testing,fracturing proppant exploration and development, environmental protection and other areas of technical standards and specifications.
Basic principles of shale gas development
First, insist on technological innovation. Technology with unlimited potential to change the situation of limited resources,ceramic proppant through increased scientific research and international cooperation, introduction, digestion and absorption of advanced technology to master the situation to adapt our resources exploration and development, production and management techniques.
Second, insist on institutional innovation. To innovative ideas in resource development, market development, gas prices, and management innovation and institutional mechanisms to study and formulate policies.
Third is to uphold conventional and unconventional combination. Shale gas and conventional gas distribution area most overlap, transport and use in the same way, shale gas development and utilization should be given special preferential policies, and conventional natural gas combine to achieve orderly development.
Fourth, insist both self and external cooperation.frac sand Strengthen self-exploration and development technology research at the same time, to carry out cooperation with foreign companies, through international cooperation, the introduction of technology to improve the capability of independent innovation.
Fifth, adhere to both development and ecological protection. Shale gas exploration and development process to focus on the wellsite intensive construction, vegetation restoration and conservation of water resources utilization, strict drilling and completion procedures and fracturing fluid composition and emission standards,Proppant protect the ecological environment.
Second, insist on institutional innovation. To innovative ideas in resource development, market development, gas prices, and management innovation and institutional mechanisms to study and formulate policies.
Third is to uphold conventional and unconventional combination. Shale gas and conventional gas distribution area most overlap, transport and use in the same way, shale gas development and utilization should be given special preferential policies, and conventional natural gas combine to achieve orderly development.
Fourth, insist both self and external cooperation.frac sand Strengthen self-exploration and development technology research at the same time, to carry out cooperation with foreign companies, through international cooperation, the introduction of technology to improve the capability of independent innovation.
Fifth, adhere to both development and ecological protection. Shale gas exploration and development process to focus on the wellsite intensive construction, vegetation restoration and conservation of water resources utilization, strict drilling and completion procedures and fracturing fluid composition and emission standards,Proppant protect the ecological environment.
Opportunities facing the development of shale gas
(1) North American shale gas development technology matured, the development of shale gas for China to provide a reference.Fracturing proppant North America has formed a set of advanced and efficient exploitation of shale gas technology, large-scale application of these advanced technologies, reduce costs and improve the well production to achieve a cost-efficient development of shale gas, shale gas exploration and development for the introduction of foreign advanced technology to provide a reference.
(2) natural gas demand for shale gas development provides a good environment. The next ten years, China's natural gas demand will grow rapidly,shale gas natural gas demand gap will gradually expand, the development of shale gas has good market prospects.
(3) natural gas storage facilities have improved, the scale in favor of shale gas development. Some shale gas pipe network resource-rich region has facilities and small LNG and CNG technology continues to mature,frac sand companies the early development of shale gas and in-situ utilization of technical support.
(2) natural gas demand for shale gas development provides a good environment. The next ten years, China's natural gas demand will grow rapidly,shale gas natural gas demand gap will gradually expand, the development of shale gas has good market prospects.
(3) natural gas storage facilities have improved, the scale in favor of shale gas development. Some shale gas pipe network resource-rich region has facilities and small LNG and CNG technology continues to mature,frac sand companies the early development of shale gas and in-situ utilization of technical support.
2013年8月22日星期四
OPEC can not afford a split again
U.S. counter-attack to the world's total output of 1/3 of OPEC alarmed. The organization in 2010 had predicted that in 2014 the North American oil production will reach 1180 million barrels / day,hydraulic fracturing only two years later, it revised the forecast of OPEC, the value increased to 1450 million barrels / day.
Some analysts believe that five years ago, U.S. crude oil production to rebound was an accident, because of cost, production of shale oil to be profitable, the oil price can not be less than 70 U.S. dollars / barrel. Originally erratic fluctuations in oil prices, but due to the unstable political situation within OPEC, such as the outbreak of civil war in Libya, as well as some political unrest in the Gulf countries,frac sand leading to the decline in production, but oil prices continue upward.
OPEC officials said, is studying how to eliminate the U.S. shale oil production to its impact. But nobody say where the U.S. shale oil on the international markets in the end how much. Iran, OPEC's governing Hatti than that, the North American shale oil to the international markets has increased by 1.5 million barrels / day supply. The Gulf States representatives believe that the increased supply only a maximum of 50 million barrels / day.
Prior to this, if a dispute,ceramic ball Saudi usually choose to ignore Iran and other hardline members aspirations. But experts believe that OPEC can not stand again split.
Some analysts believe that five years ago, U.S. crude oil production to rebound was an accident, because of cost, production of shale oil to be profitable, the oil price can not be less than 70 U.S. dollars / barrel. Originally erratic fluctuations in oil prices, but due to the unstable political situation within OPEC, such as the outbreak of civil war in Libya, as well as some political unrest in the Gulf countries,frac sand leading to the decline in production, but oil prices continue upward.
OPEC officials said, is studying how to eliminate the U.S. shale oil production to its impact. But nobody say where the U.S. shale oil on the international markets in the end how much. Iran, OPEC's governing Hatti than that, the North American shale oil to the international markets has increased by 1.5 million barrels / day supply. The Gulf States representatives believe that the increased supply only a maximum of 50 million barrels / day.
Prior to this, if a dispute,ceramic ball Saudi usually choose to ignore Iran and other hardline members aspirations. But experts believe that OPEC can not stand again split.
OPEC's internal contradictions
The economy riddled, food and housing scarce Algeria also need high oil prices. International Monetary Fund (IMF) said the oil price is not less than 121 U.S. dollars / barrel, Algeria to balance domestic spending.Fracturing proppant Government data show that in the first four months, the Algerian oil and gas revenues declined by 9%. The finance ministers will be directly attributed to the U.S. shale oil production increased. Important source of foreign exchange blocked, Algeria had to reduce public spending. Responsible for security affairs consulting firm NorthAfricaRisk Jeff Potter pointed out that in the case of not rising wages slashed social allowances will only increase instability.
2008 economic crisis caused by the global financial crisis, oil prices fell to lows. The face of external difficulties,ceramic ball then abandoned the hatchet of OPEC member states unanimously agreed to cut 400 million barrels / day of production quotas to support oil prices. However, the supply of crude oil in North America once again highlighted the dramatic increase in OPEC's internal conflicts, opposing sides have said that the current to reach a unified position is much more difficult than before.
International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2018, crude oil production in the United States and Canada, based on an increase in the current 21%. This is undoubtedly a stunning reversal. Since the 1970s peak, U.S. oil production has continued to decline until 2008 because the contribution of shale oil before re-see the improvement.unconventional gas Hydraulic fracturing technology breakthrough liberated USA North Dakota and Texas and other states buried shale oil resources, so that U.S. crude oil production hit a 21 year high.
2008 economic crisis caused by the global financial crisis, oil prices fell to lows. The face of external difficulties,ceramic ball then abandoned the hatchet of OPEC member states unanimously agreed to cut 400 million barrels / day of production quotas to support oil prices. However, the supply of crude oil in North America once again highlighted the dramatic increase in OPEC's internal conflicts, opposing sides have said that the current to reach a unified position is much more difficult than before.
International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2018, crude oil production in the United States and Canada, based on an increase in the current 21%. This is undoubtedly a stunning reversal. Since the 1970s peak, U.S. oil production has continued to decline until 2008 because the contribution of shale oil before re-see the improvement.unconventional gas Hydraulic fracturing technology breakthrough liberated USA North Dakota and Texas and other states buried shale oil resources, so that U.S. crude oil production hit a 21 year high.
Rock Oil is one of the biggest threat to oil-producing countries in Africa
But on the contrary, in 2012 the Saudi oil exports to the U.S. has expanded the scale of 14%. Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi said recently,frac sand companies the development of unconventional oil enough to threaten Saudi Arabia in the international oil trade dominance, because the demand is increasing. "I do not think outside of OPEC crude oil production is a threat, on the contrary, a bigger pie, and our more space."
Nigeria's oil minister Madueke opposite view. "Shale oil is one of the biggest threat to oil-producing countries in Africa." She stressed that the African members of OPEC would lose due to the U.S. shale oil 1/4 oil revenues. Since the production of light, sweet crude oil in Nigeria and the U.S. shale oil quality are similar, therefore pose a direct competitive relationship, while Saudi Arabia and other members of the production is higher sulfur content of heavy crude oil.
In addition to the traditional supplier countries,Proppant the United States, no trade relations with the United States OPEC members have complained. Such as Iran, says that the U.S. shale oil production increases and slow to pick up in global demand is the main reason oil prices dragged down. Saudi Arabia has the strength to digest the impact of low oil prices, Iran obviously do not have such strength. English EnergyAspect chief oil analyst Eminem Leader Sen pointed out that Venezuela and Iran, OPEC oil can withstand a minimum of 90 U.S. dollars / barrel. May 27, July Brent contract expires is $ 102.62 / barrel. Venezuela's oil minister said on that day,Ceramic proppant if oil prices fell below 100 U.S. dollars / barrel, OPEC will drive.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) said that last year the impact of sanctions by the West, the Iranian oil embargo due to a loss of $ 26 billion in oil revenues. Therefore, Iran also needs high oil prices offset these losses.
Nigeria's oil minister Madueke opposite view. "Shale oil is one of the biggest threat to oil-producing countries in Africa." She stressed that the African members of OPEC would lose due to the U.S. shale oil 1/4 oil revenues. Since the production of light, sweet crude oil in Nigeria and the U.S. shale oil quality are similar, therefore pose a direct competitive relationship, while Saudi Arabia and other members of the production is higher sulfur content of heavy crude oil.
In addition to the traditional supplier countries,Proppant the United States, no trade relations with the United States OPEC members have complained. Such as Iran, says that the U.S. shale oil production increases and slow to pick up in global demand is the main reason oil prices dragged down. Saudi Arabia has the strength to digest the impact of low oil prices, Iran obviously do not have such strength. English EnergyAspect chief oil analyst Eminem Leader Sen pointed out that Venezuela and Iran, OPEC oil can withstand a minimum of 90 U.S. dollars / barrel. May 27, July Brent contract expires is $ 102.62 / barrel. Venezuela's oil minister said on that day,Ceramic proppant if oil prices fell below 100 U.S. dollars / barrel, OPEC will drive.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) said that last year the impact of sanctions by the West, the Iranian oil embargo due to a loss of $ 26 billion in oil revenues. Therefore, Iran also needs high oil prices offset these losses.
U.S. shale oil production of OPEC differentiation
OPEC in Vienna on May 31 held a regular meeting to discuss the need to cut production to focus on price.frac sand United States, "Wall Street Journal" recently analyzed that North American shale oil within OPEC raised production potential conflicts between Member States on whether to reduce the quota is not a small difference.
In Algeria, as the representative of the African member states believe that the production of crude oil and North American shale oil level so similar North American shale oil production increased by the greater threat; Nigeria's oil minister Madueke stressed U.S. shale oil is a "big trouble ";Hydraulic fracturing while Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia then appeared very calm, these countries cut stance on the issue of flexibility than other OPEC members.
A representative of the Persian Gulf States acknowledged that OPEC is indeed in trouble. Analysts pointed out that in recent years, continued infighting within OPEC, now merely internal strife upgrade. Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, the three countries need to maintain a balance of high oil prices,Proppant domestic spending, cut stress relief, so often associated with the rich and powerful, led by Saudi Arabia, the oil price is not sensitive to the level of member states of the Gulf altercation.
As crude oil production increased, the three most important American OPEC oil supply from Africa countries - Nigeria, Algeria and Angola in 2012 exports to the U.S. fell to the lowest in 10 years, compared with 2011 decreased by 41%. U.S. Department of Energy said crude oil production, primarily shale oil contribution.
In Algeria, as the representative of the African member states believe that the production of crude oil and North American shale oil level so similar North American shale oil production increased by the greater threat; Nigeria's oil minister Madueke stressed U.S. shale oil is a "big trouble ";Hydraulic fracturing while Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia then appeared very calm, these countries cut stance on the issue of flexibility than other OPEC members.
A representative of the Persian Gulf States acknowledged that OPEC is indeed in trouble. Analysts pointed out that in recent years, continued infighting within OPEC, now merely internal strife upgrade. Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, the three countries need to maintain a balance of high oil prices,Proppant domestic spending, cut stress relief, so often associated with the rich and powerful, led by Saudi Arabia, the oil price is not sensitive to the level of member states of the Gulf altercation.
As crude oil production increased, the three most important American OPEC oil supply from Africa countries - Nigeria, Algeria and Angola in 2012 exports to the U.S. fell to the lowest in 10 years, compared with 2011 decreased by 41%. U.S. Department of Energy said crude oil production, primarily shale oil contribution.
Related system is imperfect
First, the lack of policy incentives. Shale gas development investment, output cycle is long, slow return on investment.unconventional gas If there is no government support, general business difficult to enter. Although the Chinese government has introduced a number of preferential tax policies for shale gas development, but overall not enough, pertinence, the absence of clear policy. Second, there is the problem of overlapping tenements. Exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources similar to conventional oil and gas resources are managed by the Ministry of Land and unified, awarded exploration licenses. Some distributed in conventional oil and gas basin formation
shale gas mining tenements will inevitably overlap. Third, there is the absence of relevant policies and regulations. On the one hand, the initial investment for the exploitation of shale gas is high, output cycle is long, slow return on investment characteristics, China still lacks the appropriate financial subsidies, tax incentives and other incentives. On the other hand,Fracturing proppant China's shale gas exploration and development in a number of potential areas such as the Ordos Basin, the Turpan-Hami Basin and other more serious drought and water shortage, environmental protection is also an urgent need shale gas mining process concerns that China still lacks appropriate in this regard guidance and restrictions.
2013年8月21日星期三
Bring prosperity to the oil industry in Aberdeen
North Sea oil and gas industry revival seemed to give Aberdeen brought new prosperity. Over the past decade,Frac sand Aberdeen this booming port city in northeast Scotland's unemployment rate is lower than half the national average, while the price is doubled. Restaurant and bar was full of oil workers, they are enjoying the energy industry brought prosperity. This year, the North Sea oil and gas fields offshore investment may reach a record 13 billion pounds ($ 20.1 billion total). Previously, the North Sea oil and gas industry has been regarded as a recession. After peaking in 1999, the North Sea oil and gas industry began to decline. Now, the situation seems much improved. To 2017, offshore oil and gas production will grow to 200 million barrels of oil equivalent daily. However, this figure also reflects a problem, there's a good long time? Answer affect far more than Aberdeen. Aberdeen University's John Patterson and Greg Gordon survey by the offshore oil and gas to meet the energy needs of nearly half of the UK, supporting tens of thousands of jobs. In addition, from 2011 to 2012, unconventional gas oil and gas industry accounted for all UK companies total tax 1/4. Opposed independence for Scotland's person, an independent Scotland would rely on uncertain and declining resources, which is very unfavorable. However, support for Scottish independence who saw the prosperity of coastal development activities. They believe that Scotland would be better under their control, while in the United Kingdom under the influence of politicians, but had political problems while ignoring the North Sea development prospects. Former Labour politician Denis Healey recently admitted that the British government in the 1970s had "nationalist threat" and underestimate the value of offshore oil. Taking into account including energy price trends, technological progress and the sensitivity of tax policy and other factors, the forecast can be said that the oil industry is an extremely difficult task. British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne agreed to delay the 2011 proposed tax increases on oil fields 2 billion pounds of programs, while committed to decommissioning of old drilling platforms and pipelines to provide a relaxed policy, investment in the North Sea oil and gas began to soar. Even in the maintenance of a rapidly aging offshore facilities to spend more money, but high oil prices are still willing to make the oil companies in more challenging areas of investment. Energy companies can use precise three-dimensional seismic imaging technology horizontal drilling on the seabed for navigation, while the new hydraulic fracturing technology also makes it possible to increase oil and gas production. Statistics show that the UK Continental Shelf recoverable energy reserves of 15 billion to 240 billion barrels of oil equivalent. frac sandScottish government said the $ 113 per barrel oil prices conservative calculations, the value of the Scottish North Sea revenue over the next six years up to 48 billion pounds. However, the University of Aberdeen Business School Professor Alex Kemp pointed out that "the North Sea oil and gas exploration need to improve the management level. There are indications that North Sea oil and gas production will rise in a few years, and then be in a state of rapid decline." Production decline forecast remind people of the North Sea again decline may be expected. However, even if oil revenues decline, the impact on the fate of Aberdeen, North Sea infrastructure is also upgrading the mirage-like scene of relaxation. Senior industry consultant, said, "in many parts of oil service companies and workers have the North Sea oil and gas exploration technology to other places."
What will change the world's energy landscape?
May 15, 2013, "Financial Times" reveals a story about some essential changes of energy. First brought by the SME hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology, can not be turned on before the development of shale resources. 2013, U.S. crude oil production 50% higher than in 2008.hydraulic fracturing Analysts have speculated, including the United States, Canada and Mexico, including the North American countries within a decade to become a net oil exporter. The IEA also boldly predicted that by 2017, the United States will surpass Saudi Arabia as the world's largest oil and gas producer. Energy industry veteran consultant Joe Stanislaus said, "Most people grew up in an energy-hungry world, but now, the situation seems to have changed. Energy security and abundance are greatly enhanced." Clearly, a new understanding of shale resources to help many countries out of trouble. Verge of bankruptcy had been found in Argentina and began to use its abundant shale resources, particularly shale reserves are enormous VacaMuerta development zone. However, most of the world outside the Americas, the basic sources of power generation is still coal.Proppant Low price of coal also means that the current development of domestic shale resources less pressure and uncertainty. But that does not change over the next 20 years of large-scale oil and gas trade patterns will change the facts. Shale resource development in most countries has not only changed pattern of dependence on energy commodities, but also changed the economic model, and these two modes are national strategies and key defense programs. "Shale hot" does not mean that regional marine transportation of oil and gas pipelines or sudden stop, but it did change some of the primary energy usage patterns. May 2013, "International Herald Tribune" published an article that, "There are indications that the U.S. shale heat is set off waves of globalization, two Japanese groups and a French energy giant has agreed to invest $ 7 billion in Louisiana to build liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, and the plant will be operational in 2017. " Thus, we can see that the next decade will be the formation of a new world energy model. Japanese investors clearly saw the need for a stable gas source, thereby reducing the dependence on the Middle East oil imports.Ceramic proppant Although most countries in breaking the existing path, the use of new technologies to meet the energy needs of slow progress, but it does change the global energy situation expected. Dr. Stefan Bosuo Ni strategist in 1974, "defense and foreign affairs," a book described the United States and Canada shale and tar sands situation, he wrote that the world has at least 20 million barrels of shale oil production , of which 2,000 billion barrels of easily recoverable reserves.
History of the development of international energy trade
All along, relying on energy imports are developing countries including shale and tar sands resources, including fossil fuels, new native reserves, and energy as the power is still the driving force of social existence booster. In human history, energy is a local problem,frac sand companies it is a region in the vicinity to obtain and use the product. Then, the energy is used to change lives and strengthen political and military power to create wealth. Energy and other key factors together, creating a strong industrial center. But really started to change the world of international energy trade, which is the basis of modern industrial society. 19th century, the Spaniards in Peru will be shipped back to Europe guano mining, where guano became a substantial increase in the agricultural productivity of fertilizer.Fracturing proppant It can be said that this natural fertilizer and coal, is carried out in order to improve productivity and an early form of inter-regional transport energy. And oil, gas and other fossil fuels, are to be transported and stored form of energy. Early 20th century, the development of energy transport to another milestone. During this period, the British Royal Navy to use the internal combustion engine, we have begun to use oil or coal to drive the ship, most families have turned from the use of whale oil for lighting and the use of petroleum products to gain momentum. The early 2000s, oil,frac proppant gas and coal and other energy trading has become a large-scale form of international trade, but also promoted the development of other forms of trade.
Increase U.S. energy stored behind the prosperity Dilemma
U.S. energy boom will not be subject to the law of diminishing returns? New production from existing wells attenuation degree reflect the depletion of oil resources, which is the energy circle a hot topic.ceramic proppant Previous years, some analysts have warned that crude oil demand, but in the current U.S. unconventional energy development and prosperity in the context of the few people mention this point of view. At least for now, in the United States has just begun the exploration of oil and gas resources of the surface remains stable global energy demand in the context of oil depletion is still too early to say. However, it was pointed out that with the United States to seek energy independence intensified, oil depletion effects could have accelerated development of U.S. energy impact. AIS Capital Management president and chief investment officer John Hummel said: "The production growth is indeed slowing, although the United States has not yet reached the peak of oil production,frac sand but is close to the highest point." Hummel believes that the United States is to eat their own rest on our laurels. He also cited data showed U.S. crude oil exports on the decline, while the main reason is due to the depletion of existing wells. Along with oil depletion, fewer and fewer production from existing wells, energy companies have to keep trying to find new resources. Depletion rates of existing wells estimates there are significant differences, from 2% per year to 20%, but everybody believes that all production wells can only be getting lower and lower, until finally completely exhausted. Exxon Mobil's annual report in 2012 noted that the company plans to invest $ 190 billion worldwide looking for attractive long-term growth projects, to bring to market new energy supplies. However, for the economy to provide oil lubrication needs are in conflict with environmental concerns, environmental protection measures in fact also affects the United States and other countries, energy development, especially in mining technology of hydraulic fracturing triggered fierce environmental protests. But also on the global supply of crude oil Skeptics who slow growth of global oil production as their argument. American Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas estimates data provided show that global oil production is currently a net increase of 1%, but then growth will drop to zero by 2015, global production will be negative growth. Hummel said: "Now the annual output of crude oil from 1% to 65% more than a little bit of oil. 1960s peak oilfield exploration, after 10 years, we found that each of the resources are fewer and fewer." But , the current oil supply is still greater than demand, holding supply pessimism were obviously in the minority. The International Energy Agency recently released a report that: "North American crude oil production over the next five years, the international crude oil market will have a tremendous transformative impact, its impact will be less than the past 15 years, the impact of China's crude oil demand growth." Most of the world's crude oil production hot in the United States comes from shale resources. For the origin of several major U.S. shale resources specific capacity exists in different estimates, but some estimates, a single Bakken oil production is sufficient to meet U.S. demand for crude oil a whole century. American Petroleum Institute chief economist John Feier Mi said: "We see the decay rate of production problems,shale gas but the key lies in large-scale exploitation of oil resources to sustain their ability to Even reduced production, mining will continue for several decades As long as the continued exploitation, there will be many opportunities. "He also pointed out that many U.S. areas prohibit exploitation of crude oil, once opened, may increase the 100 billion barrels of recoverable amount.
Shale oil cost advantage is not obvious
Although the mainstream institutions statement shale oil development costs vary, but generally accepted view is that shale oil cost at least $ 75 / barrel and above. Although hydraulic fracturing another breakthrough,Unconventional gas a single horizontal well costs from $ 25 million down $ 8 million, but the current crude oil prices are still not very attractive.
In early June this year, Sinopec acquired from Pioneer Resources Division West Texas 207,000 acres of shale oil assets, for example, the cumulative output of only one million barrels / day, according to the region's oil fields, the average decline rate calculation, the next five years, the cumulative production of approximately of 500 million barrels. Mined at the lowest cost, only the amortized cost of drilling close to $ 65 / barrel, while taking into account the maintenance of hydraulic fracturing and drilling, mining costs will be $ 80 or more. The costs for the current shale oil mining the main - small independent oil companies, the current oil price is not very impressive attraction. From the perspective perspective,ceramic ball in 2015 the WTI forward price is always $ 80 or less, difficult to enhance oil production support.
Thus, with the restoration of supply and demand structure, the second half of the upstream oil market appears more likely. Half of the U.S. and European oil fast convergence, reflecting the U.S. since last year structural imbalance between supply and demand shift to the global market, but with the second quarter of the U.S. recovery in consumption and supply growth slowed, the structure of supply and demand will also radiate repair.fracturing proppant In this context, it is expected in the second half of New York and London oil prices will rise again to $ 105 and $ 112 above the level.
In early June this year, Sinopec acquired from Pioneer Resources Division West Texas 207,000 acres of shale oil assets, for example, the cumulative output of only one million barrels / day, according to the region's oil fields, the average decline rate calculation, the next five years, the cumulative production of approximately of 500 million barrels. Mined at the lowest cost, only the amortized cost of drilling close to $ 65 / barrel, while taking into account the maintenance of hydraulic fracturing and drilling, mining costs will be $ 80 or more. The costs for the current shale oil mining the main - small independent oil companies, the current oil price is not very impressive attraction. From the perspective perspective,ceramic ball in 2015 the WTI forward price is always $ 80 or less, difficult to enhance oil production support.
Thus, with the restoration of supply and demand structure, the second half of the upstream oil market appears more likely. Half of the U.S. and European oil fast convergence, reflecting the U.S. since last year structural imbalance between supply and demand shift to the global market, but with the second quarter of the U.S. recovery in consumption and supply growth slowed, the structure of supply and demand will also radiate repair.fracturing proppant In this context, it is expected in the second half of New York and London oil prices will rise again to $ 105 and $ 112 above the level.
2013年8月19日星期一
"World Energy Statistics Yearbook," reveals the world's energy supply and demand changes
"About 10 years ago, the United States and Canada is a huge country incremental oil imports, but now it Yueshen became an oil exporter. Why did it happen so dramatically?" BP's chief economist Christof recently in the Ruhr 2013 "BP World Energy Statistics Yearbook,"frac proppant the Chinese version (hereinafter referred to as "Yearbook") conference, stressed that "it is not because Canada has the oil sands, shale resources in the United States has the world's other countries also have a wealth of similar resources. most the reason is that Canada has a very open and fully competitive energy market environment, which in turn will lead to enterprises, especially SMEs flexible response actively carry out technological innovation, and ultimately stimulate Canada's leaps and bounds. "Ruhr also burst Antiaris pointed out that China is no reason why the revolutionary achieve as U.S.
shale gas development objectives, in part because Chinese companies in this field are mostly large companies, the market is fully competitive conditions are not suitable for expansion. "Yearbook" that in 2012, as a dense oil and unconventional oil and gas production growth, the U.S. oil and gas production to get the world's highest growth rate, which hit the U.S. oil supply growth record. Not surprisingly, tight oil supply growth is still a force. Last year, North Dakota and Texas (United States has the most productive tight oil reserves in two states) production increased nearly 80 million barrels / day. So far this year, the supply continues to accelerate growth, increase U.S. oil production by 1.3 million barrels / day or more. Of course, the U.S. shale gas and tight oil development has become a familiar story.Proppant America has a rich resource base and horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology innovation in the field. Meanwhile, efficiency has become the rapid increase in U.S. oil production in the third key factor.
New energy revolution to defend the United States economy in the world unshakable
Eighties of last century, passed his sixtieth independent gas explorer George Mitchell began to try to get in
shale gas , after 20 years of trial and error, Michelle's company developed a method of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing was successfully mined shale gas. In the mining process, Michelle surprised to discover that these techniques can be used not only to collect the gas in hard rock, you can also collect rock oil. 2012, U.S. shale oil production has reached 1076 million barrels. Large-scale exploitation of shale oil and gas, the United States has brought a new energy revolution. In May this year, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that: "Because the United States in science and technology breakthroughs, we will in 2020 become a net exporter of natural gas."
Then, the IEA also predicted that the United States will be five to ten years beyond Russia and Saudi Arabia, the world's largest energy producer. In fact, U.S. crude oil imports last year,fracturing proppant the amount has dropped to its lowest level in 20 years, while inexpensive natural gas also enhances U.S. competitiveness in the chemical industry, manufacturing for the U.S. economic recovery and revival are injected into a solid power . New technology, especially shale gas revolution is changing not only the United States, leaving the original uncertain world energy becomes confusing.
U.S. Energy Department data show that in 2009 the United States with 624 billion cubic meters of natural gas production more than Russia, the world's first gas exports are expected in the next 20 years for the United States contributed $ 700 billion economic growth and create 800,000 jobs. China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Jihong that large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas is not only the United States can achieve energy self-sufficiency, but also compared with other countries, will have a more cost competitive. "Cost is good, the price is good, just a quarter of our Asia. Now go to Europe than words, if it is to count per one thousand cubic feet, then Europe is its current price six times, while Japan nine times the price it. "
In 2006, the U.S. shale gas production is only 1% of natural gas, by 2011, this figure becomes 25%, is expected to 2040, U.S. shale gas production will account for more than half of natural gas, while the price will be cheaper
Shale gas is found in shale gas,Fracturing proppant is an important unconventional gas resources. As a special storage location, and its exploitation more difficult than ordinary gas, but the environmental impact is less than oil and coal. By international standards conversion, 100 billion cubic meters of shale gas energy provided by approximately 1 million tons of oil. If the oil is called "black gold", then shale gas is relatively clean and is known as "blue gold."
The United States is currently the world's only large-scale commercial exploitation of the country. In addition, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Spain and other European countries shale gas exploration and development have made significant progress,ceramic ball is expected by 2035, Europe will gradually get rid of dependence on Russian gas, to achieve self-sufficiency in gas.
Then, the IEA also predicted that the United States will be five to ten years beyond Russia and Saudi Arabia, the world's largest energy producer. In fact, U.S. crude oil imports last year,fracturing proppant the amount has dropped to its lowest level in 20 years, while inexpensive natural gas also enhances U.S. competitiveness in the chemical industry, manufacturing for the U.S. economic recovery and revival are injected into a solid power . New technology, especially shale gas revolution is changing not only the United States, leaving the original uncertain world energy becomes confusing.
U.S. Energy Department data show that in 2009 the United States with 624 billion cubic meters of natural gas production more than Russia, the world's first gas exports are expected in the next 20 years for the United States contributed $ 700 billion economic growth and create 800,000 jobs. China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Jihong that large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas is not only the United States can achieve energy self-sufficiency, but also compared with other countries, will have a more cost competitive. "Cost is good, the price is good, just a quarter of our Asia. Now go to Europe than words, if it is to count per one thousand cubic feet, then Europe is its current price six times, while Japan nine times the price it. "
In 2006, the U.S. shale gas production is only 1% of natural gas, by 2011, this figure becomes 25%, is expected to 2040, U.S. shale gas production will account for more than half of natural gas, while the price will be cheaper
Shale gas is found in shale gas,Fracturing proppant is an important unconventional gas resources. As a special storage location, and its exploitation more difficult than ordinary gas, but the environmental impact is less than oil and coal. By international standards conversion, 100 billion cubic meters of shale gas energy provided by approximately 1 million tons of oil. If the oil is called "black gold", then shale gas is relatively clean and is known as "blue gold."
The United States is currently the world's only large-scale commercial exploitation of the country. In addition, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Spain and other European countries shale gas exploration and development have made significant progress,ceramic ball is expected by 2035, Europe will gradually get rid of dependence on Russian gas, to achieve self-sufficiency in gas.
North American tight oil development prospects can be expected
Natural gas prices continued to slump in the United States under the influence, more and more companies are discovering dry gas business has been difficult to maintain profitability requirements. Meanwhile, in 2008, the international oil prices continued to rise, shale gas development technology in the tight oil development application have been successful, the operating companies are finding that even the moisture in tight oil production can achieve higher returns. In view of this, some companies began to cut jobs
shale gas business, to put more money and energy into a dense liquid hydrocarbon-rich zone. In early 2012, in the United States engaged in the dry gas drilling rigs from 80% the proportion dropped to about 30%, while engaged in drilling activities related to oil production rig count proportion from 20% to 70%. North American tight oil rich reserves of tight oil is currently the world's most successful regional exploration and development, the main zone of tight oil Bakken, Eagle Ford, Niobrara, Utica, Wofu Kan, etc., but has invested large Only the scale of the development of North Dakota's Bakken and South Texas Eagle Ford, which is currently the main producing areas of the United States tight oil. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA),ceramic ball as of November 2011, the United States of tight oil production of nearly 90 million barrels / day, compared with the beginning of 2009 to 25 million barrels / day increased nearly three-fold, of which approximately 84% came from Pakistan Ken and Eagle Ford shale area. Wood - McKinsey October 2012 predicted that the density of the United States in 2012 is expected to reach 150 million barrels of oil production / day level, representing approximately 24% of total oil consumption; 2020, its tight oil production and the proportion of will increase to 410 million barrels / day and 45%, Bakken and Eagle Ford production growth is still the main force. Canada's tight oil areas are mainly distributed in the Western Canadian Basin and the Appalachian Mountains in eastern regions, but tight oil production started late. 2005, by the high oil prices as well as horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing techniques to promote successful commercial application, the company began operations in Canada involved in tight oil production. 2011, the Canadian tight oil production of about 14 million barrels / day by 2020 is expected to increase to 45 million barrels / day. Although the current tight oil exploration and development in Canada in the early stages, but on the tight oil in terms of the relevant basic research, Canada has done in many ways more detailed than the United States. Bakken / Aike Xiao tight oil mainly distributed in Canada, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta,frac sand Canada, is the earliest start tight oil production regions. United States Geological Survey (USGS) assessment said Canada's tight oil Bakken group can be as high as billions of barrels of recoverable reserves. Tim Carr tight oil zone is mainly distributed in Alberta, tight oil resources of the area of 10 billion to 30 billion barrels. As of 2011, the total proven oil reserves of 1.3 billion barrels of dense, tight oil production of about 40,000 barrels / day, is second only to the Bakken / Aike Xiao dense Canada's second-largest oil producing areas. Viking tight oil zones in Alberta and Saskatchewan are distributed, as of 2011, the district announced tight oil resources of 5,800 million barrels, yield about two million barrels / day.
"Tight oil revolution" to play a word game
"
shale gas revolution" in the ascendant, "tight oil revolution" and riding on the Orient Express entered the Chinese economy. Some people an a massive revolution ensued was very terrified, but some people think that "shale gas revolution" campaign in China have not yet started talking about how "tight oil revolution." In this regard, anti-oil and gas expert Zhang has a different view. "Tight oil" Listen to the forefront is a new concept, but its essence is the original of several unconventional oil types collectively. "Tight oil revolution" in Zhang Kang's eyes,frac sand companies in fact, a gentle word game. IEA from an engineering point of view, "tight oil," the definition is: "the use of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing from shale or other low-permeability oil reservoirs mined." Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute Shi Jia contractors in the "China tight oil evaluation standards, the main types, basic characteristics and resource prospects "an article from the perspective of its geological theory definition:" less than 10% porosity, permeability of less than 1mD (overburden pressure matrix permeability of less than 0.1mD), TOC greater than 1%, RO is 0.6% to 0.3%, crude oil density is greater than or less than 400API 0.8251g/cm3. according to the size of the porosity of tight oil reservoir is divided into class Ⅰ, Ⅱ type, Ⅲ type. "combining the above two authoritative definition, Zhang Kang that "tight oil" is actually equivalent to the broad definition of low-permeability oil, meaning anything from low porosity and low permeability rock mined oil are "tight oil." Sandstone is the best tight oil reservoir, so the vast majority of tight oil tight sandstone oil. Shale and coal seams may also have oil, but the two reserves is almost negligible. Abroad, "tight oil" tends broad concept that "tight oil" includes tight sands oil, shale oil tight, tight seams oil. Domestic preference for "tight oil," the narrow concept of "tight oil" refers specifically to tight sandstone oil. If you follow the broad concept of foreign terms,Unconventional gas that country has had a long history of tight oil extraction and considerable tight oil production. Endemic to China dominated by continental sedimentary basins with oil and gas, generally have poor reservoir characteristics, the corresponding development of a large number of rich low-permeability oil and gas resources. Low permeability oil and gas resources of the main gathering Ordos Basin, Tarim, Sichuan, land and sea phase superimposed sedimentary basins; Songliao continental sedimentary basins and in small lacustrine basins. According to Zhang Kang estimates, the current total proven reserves of tight oil may account for about 35%, since these lower rates of utilization of oil reserves in the remaining recoverable reserves which may account for more than 40%, as in the present Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Unused tight oil reserves accounted for 45% of about 100 million tons per year in recent years, the new reserves are low (including extra-low) accounted for 60% porosity and permeability. Ordos Basin accounted for 10.7% of proven reserves, tight sandstone reservoir which accounted for 80% or more.
Nuggets Chinese foreign giants
Surprisingly, the
shale gas revolution in the U.S. Open, not Exxon Mobil, Chevron and other oil giants, but many in the research and development of mining gas new energy companies. These previously not well-known enterprises in the shale gas development into commercial maturity stage or aggressively taking advantage of the expansion, or with an enviable price of the acquisition, to achieve substantial economic benefits. Although many giants share some benefits, but also for the missed opportunity to harvest and remorse. In recent years, smart energy companies began turning to China. China has the world's recoverable shale gas resource potential, the government also hopes for industrial development. November 2012,ceramic ball the Ministry issued "on the strengthening of exploration and exploitation of shale gas resources and supervision of the work of the notice" clearly "to encourage owners of shale gas exploration and mining technology, foreign companies in joint ventures, cooperative forms of participation in our shale gas exploration and exploitation. "So far, ConocoPhillips, BP, Exxon Mobil and many other foreign giants with PetroChina, Sinopec signed a joint research agreement, trying to take advantage Road" national team "scramble for shale gas this gold mine. China's future energy demand is enormous pressure urgent need to improve the energy structure, shale gas because of its clean, large reserves of features,Ceramic proppant a national energy strategy, an important member of the layout. At present, China is still in the early development of shale gas, market potential, entry point into the city Bureau of shares described sighted, the upper hand. And there is strong geological coal resources,frac proppant technical strength as endorsements, is more optimistic about the prospects for cooperation.
2013年8月17日星期六
China: tight oil promising
Potential of tight oil reserves are huge China could become a "tight oil revolution" strong capital followers. Endemic to China dominated by continental sedimentary basins with oil and gas, generally have poor reservoir characteristics, the corresponding development of a large number of rich low-permeability oil and gas resources.frac proppant Currently, the preliminary evaluation of favorable exploration area of 15 to 24 million square kilometers, the amount of recoverable resources of 18 to 28 million tons. According to the China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute of Oil and Gas Development Software Center Director Ran Kai full introduction, the overall performance of tight oil production performance as "initial yield, low-yield rapid decrement and post-yield" feature, different characteristics at different stages of seepage. Tight oil development currently facing a "deepening reservoir understanding, improve well production, improve utilization levels and recovery, reducing costs," the four challenges, compact and efficient development of oil must take
Unconventional gas ideas, technology and management model to achieve development of the whole process of the "simplicity, industrial, domestic, market-oriented, standardized and efficient operations," as soon as possible to recover the investment. With the "long horizontal section horizontal wells, the volume fracturing, factory mode of operation" scale applications, and low-voltage, low-pass, low-quality, low-charge-type,hydraulic fracturing such as different types of tight oil development technology breakthroughs, China dense peak oil production forecast up to 2800 million to 35 million tons, development potential, will have significant social and economic benefits.
2013年8月16日星期五
TOT: "Technical control" of the new adventure
Shale gas,
shale gas in the eastern part of planning the siting on Total's selection is also worth consideration. In the "Total 2011-2012 Sustainability brochure", the early years of the last century eighty-nine, Total in North Bay, Bohai Bay, the Yellow Sea and the Tarim Basin, which conducted four regional oil and gas exploration. Despite scattered four places, but not well known resource-rich areas, is also recognized as a potential resource to gather. However, in March 2013, Total announced its first shale gas development area is a little in terms of resources coming into view of Shanghai west. In fact, after the initial shale gas exploration program, as China is the richest area of shale gas in Sichuan had entered the list of TOT. In 2009, when he was appointed Chief Representative of Dai Jie said: "rich natural gas,
unconventional gas in Sichuan, the future is the location of one of the key investment considerations." But Sichuan shale gas development has been questioned , in addition to reserves is difficult to determine the unknown geological reasons, the technology research and development, equipment levels were not making progress. Therefore, choosing the eastern region of shale gas development can avoid two problems: First, water, hydraulic fracturing of shale gas development requires a lot of water resources in the currently accepted enrichment zone in Sichuan is located in China's main water source Upstream, Inner Mongolia is the lack of water, while the eastern occupy dense river network, adequate water absolute advantage; Second, market channels, the western region with energy demand is not high and the lack of pipeline infrastructure, if we can develop in the east, shale gas products can be sent directly to the densely populated areas, and because relatively few emissions been recognized. Now, let's TOT is the policy of most concern. May 2013, Total China general manager Tsutomu North Church media interview, said that the development of shale gas in China, the key issue is that the policies and regulations related to the imperfections. This fear in the June 7, 2013 with the latest echo. China held the same day unconventional oil and gas conference, China Geological Survey Research Center shale gas resources director for many companies package of books King poured cold water: "For professional caution, the third round of shale gas exploration be held at the end of the tender will be the fastest, there may not start during aground. "In addition to policy mechanism to be determined in the future, or will be, another environmental problem. Treat shale gas exploitation in environmental issues,Frac sand Total confidence, "hydraulic fracturing technology in the use of a lot better than other small companies and large companies generally will be in the spotlight of many aspects of supervision." It two commitments from TOT mining is prohibited by the law firm is not in place construction, as well as in Canada, postponed because of environmentalists protest oil sands development are a few things that can be verified. But China's environmental problems the project may not have that simple. Some media analysts, Christophe de Margerie said the Shanghai West may refer to the southern or northern Zhejiang, Anhui. These places are densely populated areas in eastern China, but the land economically developed tension and minimal environmental capacity, and more importantly, the knowledge structure where residents generally higher, with damage to the environment and global warming concerns. Therefore, in the eastern part of the mining prospects indeed worry hi coexist.
U.S. land freight data with real estate and energy markets close relationship that may exist between
American Truck Association (American Trucking Association, ATA) 5 月份 cargo rose by 6.7 percent, an increase not only the largest since December 2011, freight activity and is the most since records began flourishing. ATA data to two major reasons attributed to the strong,shale gas a sustained recovery for the housing construction, the other is thriving shale oil and gas, its main technical hydraulic fracturing method requires the use of large amounts of water and sand, driving energy-related transport activities increased substantially .
The other hand, according to the Association of American Railroads (Association of American Railroads, AAR) as of July 11 week, statistical, cargo rose by 2%; first 27 weeks of this year grew by only 0.9% more.
ATA AAR data, although not so pretty, but rail freight energy-related projects, such as oil and refined oil, surged 36 percent over last year.
Not difficult to imagine Excluding energy, the two land freight growth momentum must be greatly reduced, which recorded negative growth in rail freight, but not surprising. Even if the contribution of housing construction is also siphoned off U.S. land transport performance even more pale, self-evident.
National Housing Construction Association (NAHB) released this week,frac sand July builder confidence index is the highest level in seven and a half years, from June 51 to 57.
This indicator reflects the ATA and AAR cargo condition, then get on the track entirely, but one thing is very interesting, the builders growing optimism on the prospects of the property market on the occasion, the stock market seems to agree with investors, stocks this year, rising 20 percent, but the S & P housing Construction Index was far behind. Visible,ceramic ball since the U.S. housing market in 2005/2006 has peaked, NAHB housing builders confidence index, most of the time with the S & P Index ditto with housing under construction, but go their separate ways over the past few months, the industry confidence continues to rise , the share price was the opposite. Let us look at the situation continues, in the end is the stock rebounded to catch up with confidence, or losing confidence in the "chase" on the stock price, so that the two trends converge again.
The other hand, according to the Association of American Railroads (Association of American Railroads, AAR) as of July 11 week, statistical, cargo rose by 2%; first 27 weeks of this year grew by only 0.9% more.
ATA AAR data, although not so pretty, but rail freight energy-related projects, such as oil and refined oil, surged 36 percent over last year.
Not difficult to imagine Excluding energy, the two land freight growth momentum must be greatly reduced, which recorded negative growth in rail freight, but not surprising. Even if the contribution of housing construction is also siphoned off U.S. land transport performance even more pale, self-evident.
National Housing Construction Association (NAHB) released this week,frac sand July builder confidence index is the highest level in seven and a half years, from June 51 to 57.
This indicator reflects the ATA and AAR cargo condition, then get on the track entirely, but one thing is very interesting, the builders growing optimism on the prospects of the property market on the occasion, the stock market seems to agree with investors, stocks this year, rising 20 percent, but the S & P housing Construction Index was far behind. Visible,ceramic ball since the U.S. housing market in 2005/2006 has peaked, NAHB housing builders confidence index, most of the time with the S & P Index ditto with housing under construction, but go their separate ways over the past few months, the industry confidence continues to rise , the share price was the opposite. Let us look at the situation continues, in the end is the stock rebounded to catch up with confidence, or losing confidence in the "chase" on the stock price, so that the two trends converge again.
"Energy Revolution" winners and potential losers
America's energy revolution of the 21st century evolution of the world decisive factors. In natural gas,ceramic ball the establishment of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling in new technologies such as conventional oil production over the prosperity not only outlines the energy market is also re-re-writing world economic and geopolitical. After decades of research and development, the production from
unconventional gas accounted for 1 percent of U.S. energy consumption in 2005 to 5%, then 30% in 2012 and in 2035 increased to 46% of the energy supply. Unconventional oil will help the U.S. oil production in 2018 reached 12 million barrels per day, and let the U.S. over Saudi Arabia in 2020 to become the world's largest oil producer. Energy market structure will therefore change. 50% of natural gas reserves and 10% of the oil reserves of the world is close to re-evaluate or views of peak oil has occurred under suspicion. Southern countries due to the surge in demand caused by hydrocarbon energy prices will inevitably rise, the laws of the rapid loss of significance.fracturing proppant U.S. natural gas prices have plummeted from every $ 12.7 million British thermal units fell $ 4. Oil prices have stabilized at $ 100 a barrel. Energy trade flows restructuring: the United States as an exporter of natural gas and gasoline; Middle East, Africa and Latin America, crude oil exports to Asia, especially to China in focus.
Our country's shale gas "American miracle" long distances
Related system is imperfect.
First, the lack of policy incentives. shale gas development investment, output cycle is long, slow return on investment. If there is no government support, general business difficult to enter. Although the Chinese government has introduced a number of preferential tax policies for shale gas development, but overall not enough, pertinence, the absence of clear policy. Second, there is the problem of overlapping tenements. Exploitation of Unconventional gas resources similar to conventional oil and gas resources are managed by the Ministry of Land and unified,hydraulic fracturing awarded exploration licenses. Some distributed in conventional oil and gas basin formation shale gas mining tenements will inevitably overlap. Thirdly, there is the absence of relevant policies and regulations. On the one hand, the initial investment for the exploitation of shale gas is high, output cycle is long, slow return on investment characteristics, China still lacks the appropriate financial subsidies, tax incentives and other incentives. On the other hand, China's shale gas exploration and development in a number of potential areas such as the Ordos Basin, the Turpan-Hami Basin and other more serious drought and water shortage, environmental protection is shale gas mining process urgent concern in this regard is still a lack of appropriate guidance and restrictions. In recent years, China's natural gas pipeline construction has made great progress, initially formed across the east, north to south, connecting overseas natural gas pipeline network, and in the Sichuan and Chongqing, the Bohai Sea, Yangtze River Delta and other regions formed a relatively complete regional pipe network. However, China's natural gas pipeline network still does not sound like the United States, and did not like the United States to implement third-party access system. It is important in the regulation of natural gas prices under the ex-factory price of natural gas, city pipeline transmission and distribution costs and expenses tightly controlled by the state, is difficult to reflect the actual supply and demand, will result in lower gas prices, which hit the enterprise shale gas resources exploration and development of the initiative.
2013年8月15日星期四
Industrial scale is still far
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the global recoverable
shale gas reserves more than 187 trillion cubic meters, of which China accounts for about 20% of the total for the 36 trillion cubic meters, ranking first in the world, the equivalent of the United States ( 24 trillion cubic meters) and Canada reserves combined. Chinese Ministry of Land Resources is also expected recoverable domestic shale gas reserves of 25 trillion cubic meters. 2012 China has become the world's second largest oil importer, is widely expected that China will surpass the United States in recent years to become the largest importer of crude oil.frac sand However, the international crude oil price fluctuations and supply problems for China to pay a high price. In view of the United States in recent years shale gas technology breakthroughs, and whom bring a new energy revolution, China's shale gas revolution also full of expectations. But analysts said the foreign media that China take advantage of its vast reserves of shale gas on the road, facing some very significant obstacles. One is water. Mining reserves in the deep underground shale in shale gas, the only way is to use hydraulic fracturing technology, which requires a lot of water, and China is already facing water shortages. The second is China's lack of will from the exploitation of shale gas transported to the densely populated areas at the required pipeline infrastructure. However, the most critical obstacle to China may be the lack of hydraulic fracturing. Hampered by technical problems and cost pressures,frac proppant China shale gas exploration more slowly, currently only has shale gas wells more than 90 ports, mainly in exploration and exploitation of the Sichuan Basin, and the United States each year shale gas wells drilled 8000. China shale gas drilling cycle time and cost are the United States three times and 10 times. In March last year China introduced the "shale gas development plan (2011-2015)" proposed in 2015 will achieve large-scale production of shale gas, when production reached 6.5 billion cubic meters (equivalent to 2% of China's total gas output) , and strive to 2020 shale gas production more than 60 billion cubic meters. But now, the industry consensus seems to be that China can not achieve this goal. Beijing has been trying to shale gas exploration blocks in an open tender, the introduction of competition and to attract new funds, but so far have not achieved commercial success of a project. Zhuo record information energy analyst Wangxiao Kun told the "China Economic Focus" correspondent, currently affecting shale gas development in China's two largest factors, one technical, the second is too risky. "Shale gas development is a very long payback period of the project, the risk is very high, because the technology is relatively limited on the one hand, the other hand, the actual amount of recoverable amount and exploration may also have gaps, so after the end of the second round of bidding, There are not many companies as,Ceramic proppant after winning many have no substantive action. especially for some of the funds are not particularly strong enterprise, it is difficult to assume such risks. "Fudan Energy Economics and Strategic Research Center deputy director Professor Wu Libo also the correspondents said, and other centralized energy exploration and development patterns are not the same, the U.S. shale gas revolution from some small companies began to scale the direction of expansion. U.S. shale gas exploitation experienced before and after 20 years or so, before the present large-scale development. China shale gas development in the next five years is unlikely to have a real effect of industry growth, possibly driven only exploration and development equipment and technical aspects of some industries, from large-scale industrialization and still have a long distance. And China's geological conditions, resource situation and the United States are very different, "China in this regard is necessary to spend about 10 years, and before that, it can only be regarded as an emerging energy technologies, even the industry are considered not be reached.
Russia's "fight back"
Russian President Vladimir Putin in July this year at the second session of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum to speak, said the exploitation of shale gas does not seriously affect the international market. U.S.
shale gas exploration has brought some positive results, for the final consumer per 1,000 cubic meters of natural gas to reduce the $ 120 fee. But it did not bring the exploitation pattern of significant changes in the world market. He also stressed the shale gas negative impact on the environment, non-recyclable mining model will allow for additional local economic activity, and lead to deterioration of ecological environment.
Prior to this, Putin has publicly criticized over shale gas development costs are too high, and the impact on the environment. Gazprom CEO Alexei? Miller has described shale gas revolution become a lie, and that this bubble will soon burst. He said: "We are skeptical of shale gas and we believe that it does not bring us any risks."
August 2012, the Russian Economic Development Committee Vice-Andre said that Russia's energy companies had underestimated the potential of shale resources, attention now to the good time.
Putin also said that Russia's energy companies will let rise to the challenges posed by shale gas revolution.Unconventional gas December 2012, he proposed that by 2017, Russia will be large-scale development of shale gas. Recently, the Russian gas company announced a number of projects, or in the first half start bidding.
In fact, according to Russian oil and gas chemical industry alliance experts taka Aliyev introduction, Russia 70-90 years from the last century began to make a series of shale gas activities, but after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, is widely used coal, natural gas prices and very high, so shale gas be terminated. Until 2010, only to return Russian gas shale horizons.
"Russian shale reserves accounted for 7% of the world's total reserves, as long as the master developer of advanced technology, excellent prospects for exploitation, of course, I hope the Government can give more attention to." President of the Federation from the Ural region of Alexandria? Mirano husband said he was confident in the development of shale gas resources in Russia.
Now, Russia's oil enterprises to look into Siberia Bazhenov shale oil field. Russia's Lukoil vice president of FEI Teng pointed out, hoping the U.S. "shale revolution" technology applied to Bazhenov, and usher in the next five years or so a scale comparable to America's "energy revolution." Russia's government has also undertaken to dispense Bazhenov oil extraction tax, used to attract oil prices to the local mining.
However, experts pointed out that the lack of Siberia for hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling equipment and other key technologies, coupled Bazhenov geology there is still uncertainty,fracturing proppant the actual efficiency of oil production is still unknown. Senior director of international energy consultancy Gustafson said Bazhenov layers of mystery still hangs, pending further research is needed to understand its oil production potential.
"The United States spent several years developing shale gas only achieve results, the Russians want to copy shale gas revolution, take some time." Russia's Lukoil vice president Forden representation.
Prior to this, Putin has publicly criticized over shale gas development costs are too high, and the impact on the environment. Gazprom CEO Alexei? Miller has described shale gas revolution become a lie, and that this bubble will soon burst. He said: "We are skeptical of shale gas and we believe that it does not bring us any risks."
August 2012, the Russian Economic Development Committee Vice-Andre said that Russia's energy companies had underestimated the potential of shale resources, attention now to the good time.
Putin also said that Russia's energy companies will let rise to the challenges posed by shale gas revolution.Unconventional gas December 2012, he proposed that by 2017, Russia will be large-scale development of shale gas. Recently, the Russian gas company announced a number of projects, or in the first half start bidding.
In fact, according to Russian oil and gas chemical industry alliance experts taka Aliyev introduction, Russia 70-90 years from the last century began to make a series of shale gas activities, but after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, is widely used coal, natural gas prices and very high, so shale gas be terminated. Until 2010, only to return Russian gas shale horizons.
"Russian shale reserves accounted for 7% of the world's total reserves, as long as the master developer of advanced technology, excellent prospects for exploitation, of course, I hope the Government can give more attention to." President of the Federation from the Ural region of Alexandria? Mirano husband said he was confident in the development of shale gas resources in Russia.
Now, Russia's oil enterprises to look into Siberia Bazhenov shale oil field. Russia's Lukoil vice president of FEI Teng pointed out, hoping the U.S. "shale revolution" technology applied to Bazhenov, and usher in the next five years or so a scale comparable to America's "energy revolution." Russia's government has also undertaken to dispense Bazhenov oil extraction tax, used to attract oil prices to the local mining.
However, experts pointed out that the lack of Siberia for hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling equipment and other key technologies, coupled Bazhenov geology there is still uncertainty,fracturing proppant the actual efficiency of oil production is still unknown. Senior director of international energy consultancy Gustafson said Bazhenov layers of mystery still hangs, pending further research is needed to understand its oil production potential.
"The United States spent several years developing shale gas only achieve results, the Russians want to copy shale gas revolution, take some time." Russia's Lukoil vice president Forden representation.
Leading U.S. shale gas development
Six years ago, the United States is also considered a natural gas importer. Between 2000 and 2010, the United States spent to build the infrastructure to one hundred million cubic meters over 1000 regasification of imported liquefied natural gas (LNG); But in 2011, U.S. imports of liquefied natural gas has been less than 20 billion cubic meters,Ceramic proppant but also committed to in the year can be transformed into a regasification facilities for liquefied natural gas export terminal.
All this contributed to torsion of the promoter is shale gas.
The so-called shale gas is shale gas reserves inside. As all the world mud sediments, shale accounted for 60% of the total, so the prospects for shale gas resources are overwhelming. Government agencies from the United States Energy Information Administration data show that shale gas could be the world's total energy recoverable natural gas increased by 40%.
The United States is the first country of shale gas exploitation,frac sand early in 1821, a world's first commercial shale gas exploitation in a small town in the United States.
But since most shale gas exists in more than 1500 meters of rock in the early development of shale gas is very difficult. Until the 1990s, hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology development, commercial development of shale gas really have the possibilities. Technological breakthroughs that U.S. unconventional gas production increased significantly, which is also known as "shale gas revolution."
This revolution accelerated the U.S. Energy Development: From 2005-2010, the country's shale gas industry 45% annual growth rate. Shale gas accounted for the entire U.S. natural gas output declined from 4% in 2005 to 24% today. Shale gas revolution in the United States is to promote the rapid development of the chemical industry, and in the past decade has created 1.7 million jobs.
"In the U.S., almost everything points to the development of shale gas industry the right path." Chatham House researcher Paul? Stevens commented. In his view, the development of U.S. shale gas reap the "opportune": government formulated the "open access" pipeline regulations; industry has a large number of drilling rigs and other infrastructure; also makes a strong property rights Land owners can dominate mineral resources. These policies are so far behind other countries in the world.
By "The Economist" comment to describe, and now the U.S. production of natural gas "is already more than I do not know how to dispose of." Although the United States to minimize the production of natural gas, but the daily output is still 85 billion cubic meters, larger than consumption. Natural gas prices have fallen also allow sufficient, long ago, in the energy prices, natural gas prices are one-tenth of the oil, now is the fiftieth.
Royal Dutch Shell boss Peter? Voser expected that by 2015, shale gas prices will double. But still lower than the prices in Europe and Asia, so there should still be room for growth in the industry. It is predicted that at current production rates if the U.S. natural gas sufficient to maintain more than a century.
Now let Americans headache is to find more users to consume these excess gas. U.S. shale gas elsewhere in the world but also to feel the tremendous impact: once exclusively for the U.S. market Qatari LNG will be the next target has now been transferred to the relative scarcity of energy in Japan and the EU, given its low price of Russian great pressure. We know that the EU is the largest user of Russian gas, Russia's export volume accounted for 2/3, and in accordance with the formula to determine the long-term price of Russian gas prices are high or even higher than 30% of the spot market. Not only that, including China, Australia, Argentina and Europe and other countries, have begun to consider large-scale production of shale gas.
All this contributed to torsion of the promoter is shale gas.
The so-called shale gas is shale gas reserves inside. As all the world mud sediments, shale accounted for 60% of the total, so the prospects for shale gas resources are overwhelming. Government agencies from the United States Energy Information Administration data show that shale gas could be the world's total energy recoverable natural gas increased by 40%.
The United States is the first country of shale gas exploitation,frac sand early in 1821, a world's first commercial shale gas exploitation in a small town in the United States.
But since most shale gas exists in more than 1500 meters of rock in the early development of shale gas is very difficult. Until the 1990s, hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology development, commercial development of shale gas really have the possibilities. Technological breakthroughs that U.S. unconventional gas production increased significantly, which is also known as "shale gas revolution."
This revolution accelerated the U.S. Energy Development: From 2005-2010, the country's shale gas industry 45% annual growth rate. Shale gas accounted for the entire U.S. natural gas output declined from 4% in 2005 to 24% today. Shale gas revolution in the United States is to promote the rapid development of the chemical industry, and in the past decade has created 1.7 million jobs.
"In the U.S., almost everything points to the development of shale gas industry the right path." Chatham House researcher Paul? Stevens commented. In his view, the development of U.S. shale gas reap the "opportune": government formulated the "open access" pipeline regulations; industry has a large number of drilling rigs and other infrastructure; also makes a strong property rights Land owners can dominate mineral resources. These policies are so far behind other countries in the world.
By "The Economist" comment to describe, and now the U.S. production of natural gas "is already more than I do not know how to dispose of." Although the United States to minimize the production of natural gas, but the daily output is still 85 billion cubic meters, larger than consumption. Natural gas prices have fallen also allow sufficient, long ago, in the energy prices, natural gas prices are one-tenth of the oil, now is the fiftieth.
Royal Dutch Shell boss Peter? Voser expected that by 2015, shale gas prices will double. But still lower than the prices in Europe and Asia, so there should still be room for growth in the industry. It is predicted that at current production rates if the U.S. natural gas sufficient to maintain more than a century.
Now let Americans headache is to find more users to consume these excess gas. U.S. shale gas elsewhere in the world but also to feel the tremendous impact: once exclusively for the U.S. market Qatari LNG will be the next target has now been transferred to the relative scarcity of energy in Japan and the EU, given its low price of Russian great pressure. We know that the EU is the largest user of Russian gas, Russia's export volume accounted for 2/3, and in accordance with the formula to determine the long-term price of Russian gas prices are high or even higher than 30% of the spot market. Not only that, including China, Australia, Argentina and Europe and other countries, have begun to consider large-scale production of shale gas.
Russian natural gas project was shelved
August 2012, by the Russian Gazprom, France's Total and Statoil to jointly develop the Shtokman project was shelved. According to the British "Economist" magazine, this investment reached $ 40 billion had the biggest goal is to deliver LNG to the United States.
Located in the Barents Sea Shtokman is located in one of Russia's largest gas field, the gas reserves in Russia's first four, the world's No. 8, has proven C1 level reached 3.9 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves. Shtokman project is considered to be Russia's Gazprom's strategic projects,Hydraulic fracturing the group hopes this project can make the Russian gas in the global markets remain competitive.
As originally negotiated, Gazprom holds a 51% stake in Total SA holding 25 percent, Statoil holding 24%, if all goes well, Shtokman project in the 2013-2014 period of the production and Exports of natural gas. However, the U.S. shale gas development disrupting their plans.
Plenty of shale gas to the United States at this stage no longer need to import large quantities of natural gas, or even likely to fight air outlet - U.S. gas prices equivalent to the European market, up to 1/3, such a big price advantage, greatly threatened the European market Russia, the main supplier of energy. Many analysts believe that Russia is likely to be forced to give up a large part of the world gas market share.
"Investkafe" company analysis department director Grigori? Burge that the Shtokman project has been halted,ceramic ball largely U.S. shale gas developments. "First of all, in order to obtain tax benefits, Shtokman project takes quite a long time; Second, the U.S. natural gas for the project was originally the main export markets, but now shale gas to become the new darling of the market, therefore, Gazprom needs Consider how to do it without losing the European market. "he analyzed.
"Considering the challenges facing the natural gas industry as a whole and the recent changes, including any exploitation of shale gas and shale oil brought about the emergence of new technologies in oil and gas revolution, we are studying national energy strategy for the possibility of correction." Russia's Ministry of Economic Affairs Minister Alexander? Novak also noted pessimistically. In the Shtokman project was shelved, the Russian Ministry of Economic Affairs also lowered the amount of future gas exports forecast.
Located in the Barents Sea Shtokman is located in one of Russia's largest gas field, the gas reserves in Russia's first four, the world's No. 8, has proven C1 level reached 3.9 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves. Shtokman project is considered to be Russia's Gazprom's strategic projects,Hydraulic fracturing the group hopes this project can make the Russian gas in the global markets remain competitive.
As originally negotiated, Gazprom holds a 51% stake in Total SA holding 25 percent, Statoil holding 24%, if all goes well, Shtokman project in the 2013-2014 period of the production and Exports of natural gas. However, the U.S. shale gas development disrupting their plans.
Plenty of shale gas to the United States at this stage no longer need to import large quantities of natural gas, or even likely to fight air outlet - U.S. gas prices equivalent to the European market, up to 1/3, such a big price advantage, greatly threatened the European market Russia, the main supplier of energy. Many analysts believe that Russia is likely to be forced to give up a large part of the world gas market share.
"Investkafe" company analysis department director Grigori? Burge that the Shtokman project has been halted,ceramic ball largely U.S. shale gas developments. "First of all, in order to obtain tax benefits, Shtokman project takes quite a long time; Second, the U.S. natural gas for the project was originally the main export markets, but now shale gas to become the new darling of the market, therefore, Gazprom needs Consider how to do it without losing the European market. "he analyzed.
"Considering the challenges facing the natural gas industry as a whole and the recent changes, including any exploitation of shale gas and shale oil brought about the emergence of new technologies in oil and gas revolution, we are studying national energy strategy for the possibility of correction." Russia's Ministry of Economic Affairs Minister Alexander? Novak also noted pessimistically. In the Shtokman project was shelved, the Russian Ministry of Economic Affairs also lowered the amount of future gas exports forecast.
Energy: transformation brought entrepreneurship
The first two major world energy transformation and China pass, this time China is bound to participate. Today China's energy transition, a profound impact on the global energy landscape. Unconventional oil and gas and renewable energy sources, in essence, greatly expanded the concept of energy resources and geographical distribution,ceramic proppant the corresponding reduction of conventional oil and gas exporting countries negotiating leverage, China should be able to benefit from it.
Security of supply, reduce emissions and participate in global competition, is China's three major challenges facing the energy industry, from another perspective, in fact, "technological progress and innovation, and integration into the global energy system" issue. Market economy is the biggest advantage of efficient capital mobilization and utilization of the whole society, the success of U.S. shale gas revolution fundamental reason lies in the huge short-term capital inflows and effective use. There are reports that in the last eight years, only Texas on the drill nearly 400,000 shale gas wells, at an average $ 5,000,000 a well operator, has invested $ 2 trillion. "Money does not go in, the gas does not come out", the logic that simple. Over the years China's capital inflows into U.S. shale gas investment in China a hundred times in the domestic shale gas exploration and development, not only is the difference between the two stages of development, but also due to differences in institutional arrangements.
For conventional oil and gas, 150 years of history, is a "monopoly" History: From the family monopoly (the Rockefeller family, the Nobel family) to the cartel (petroleum seven sisters) to the group of countries monopoly (OPEC, IEA), as well as many non- OPEC's national oil company. Because fossil fuels oil and gas in an absolute monopoly, almost no price elasticity, as long as there are huge profits occupy resources, so the monopoly has become the natural properties of oil and gas industry. Energy diversification and the emergence of unconventional oil and gas, oil and gas industry will fundamentally change the rules of the game.
The latest example is a shale gas revolution is driven by the thousands of small and medium oil, and multinational oil giants almost no contribution to this. Exxon Mobil, Chevron and other giants have acquired a number of successful shale gas companies,frac sand companies but still proved whether the operation succeeded.
Great Transformation of energy to make the world into a new energy business cycle, those countries with the best institutional arrangements in this new cycle will take the initiative. Good institutional arrangements to attract the most money and the best people to lead the trend of technological progress and innovation. Hopefully not in the transformation of China's energy industry a new cycle, and then for the backward and sigh for centuries.
Security of supply, reduce emissions and participate in global competition, is China's three major challenges facing the energy industry, from another perspective, in fact, "technological progress and innovation, and integration into the global energy system" issue. Market economy is the biggest advantage of efficient capital mobilization and utilization of the whole society, the success of U.S. shale gas revolution fundamental reason lies in the huge short-term capital inflows and effective use. There are reports that in the last eight years, only Texas on the drill nearly 400,000 shale gas wells, at an average $ 5,000,000 a well operator, has invested $ 2 trillion. "Money does not go in, the gas does not come out", the logic that simple. Over the years China's capital inflows into U.S. shale gas investment in China a hundred times in the domestic shale gas exploration and development, not only is the difference between the two stages of development, but also due to differences in institutional arrangements.
For conventional oil and gas, 150 years of history, is a "monopoly" History: From the family monopoly (the Rockefeller family, the Nobel family) to the cartel (petroleum seven sisters) to the group of countries monopoly (OPEC, IEA), as well as many non- OPEC's national oil company. Because fossil fuels oil and gas in an absolute monopoly, almost no price elasticity, as long as there are huge profits occupy resources, so the monopoly has become the natural properties of oil and gas industry. Energy diversification and the emergence of unconventional oil and gas, oil and gas industry will fundamentally change the rules of the game.
The latest example is a shale gas revolution is driven by the thousands of small and medium oil, and multinational oil giants almost no contribution to this. Exxon Mobil, Chevron and other giants have acquired a number of successful shale gas companies,frac sand companies but still proved whether the operation succeeded.
Great Transformation of energy to make the world into a new energy business cycle, those countries with the best institutional arrangements in this new cycle will take the initiative. Good institutional arrangements to attract the most money and the best people to lead the trend of technological progress and innovation. Hopefully not in the transformation of China's energy industry a new cycle, and then for the backward and sigh for centuries.
2013年8月14日星期三
A new round of shale gas investment opportunities
As the domestic shale gas exploration in the new round of grant tender shale gas industry-related investment opportunities and a new focus for investors. Shale gas is mined from shale in natural gas, is an important unconventional gas resources. Shale gas reservoirs generally showed low porosity and low permeability material characteristics, resistance to airflow than conventional natural gas big, so mining difficult.
Farther back, early 20th century, the United States began research on shale gas, and the oldest commercial exploitation were formed in the 1980s. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing of shale gas exploitation are two important technologies.Proppant Which can help to achieve greater horizontal drilling reservoir intervals area to increase production per well. The hydraulic fracturing technology can improve permeability shale itself, accelerate the pace of shale gas exploitation and production. U.S. breakthrough in technology began in 2000, with its new horizontal wells and fracturing technology improves the shale gas production. In recent years the U.S. shale gas was a huge leap, mined from 12.2 billion cubic meters in 2000 rose to 137.8 billion cubic meters in 2010, the proportion of total U.S. natural gas production has reached 23%.
U.S. shale gas exploration greatly encouraged by the success of other countries in the exploration and development of shale gas enthusiasm. China's shale gas reserves are also very rich, like the United States has a huge development potential. According to the evaluation results of the Ministry of Land, domestic land recoverable shale gas resource potential of 25 trillion cubic meters, higher than the U.S. shale gas resources of 14 trillion cubic meters.
As natural gas efficient, clean features, is actively promoting the domestic use of natural gas. China's current domestic natural gas consumption accounted for the proportion of primary energy consumption of 4%, much lower than in developed countries about 20% level. The "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" goal is to increase the proportion of natural gas consumption of 8%, so the future increase in domestic natural gas consumption will make the gas supply pressure is increasing. As of 2011, China's dependence on foreign natural gas has reached 22 percent, so promoting the development of shale gas on the national energy security is of great significance.
To speed up the progress of the development of shale gas, shale gas classify countries have become independent minerals,fracturing proppant avoiding only large state-owned mining monopoly. Shale gas resources open to multiple investors will help to enhance social capital investment enthusiasm of shale gas, thereby enhancing the domestic shale gas exploration and technological progress and promote shale gas development process. According to the plan, "Twelve Five" is mainly shale gas layout stage, the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation, as "45" on the scale of production, lay the technical and institutional foundation.
The next few years, the domestic shale gas development will likely still in the evaluation and exploration stage, and exploration equipment, oil and gas services and other sub-sectors are expected to benefit first. Featured investors through various sub-leader in the industry, and thus participate in the development of shale gas has brought great opportunities.
German chemical giant will seek domestic shale gas exploration
Reuters reported in Berlin,frac sand under the command of the German chemical giant BASF subsidiary Wintershall oil and gas CEO Rainer Seele Friday in Berlin, a media reporter, said that the company would exploration of shale gas resources in Germany, which makes large-scale hydro fracturing the possibility of such an unproven energy technologies distrust soaring country becomes more likely.
Germany has so far not decided to allow water power fracturing of shale gas extraction in the economic and environmental wisdom. Hydraulic fracturing method is a method of drilling using a special process, this technique requires a lot of the underground injection of chemicals and water.
In the U.S. shale gas production increased significantly after the German company Wintershall companies like Exxon Mobil, like their U.S. counterparts are eager to conventional supply is declining in Central Europe regional exploration prospect of a new natural gas reserves structure.
Seele said: "We plan in North Rhine - Westphalia, two lease areas where geological surveys to find out whether there is potential."frac proppant He said, adding that the two lease area has an area of 3900 square kilometers.
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