Oil fracturing proppant application what?

Oil fracturing proppant application what?


Oil frac proppant for oil and natural gas wells in low permeability oil and gas fracturing the key material, the use of the product, can effectively improve oil and gas production and extend well life. Proppant type 1, from the category ductile brittle ceramic proppant，Toughness proppant 2, from the timber

Qualitative classification of quartz sand, aluminum balls, walnut shells, glass beads, plastic balls, steel balls, ceramic, resin-coated sand, etc., current usage is: quartz sand accounted for 50% market share, resin-coated sand about market share of 15% of the ceramic with high hardness, low cost and is widely used.

Ceramic sand trommel

Trommel main motor, reducer, roller units, racks, closures, expected out components. Roller means mounted on the frame inclined. After the drum motor reducer are connected together by coupling means, the drive roller means rotatable about its axis. When the material into the drum unit, due to the tilt and rotation of the drum unit, flip and scroll the screen so that the material surface, so that hsp proppant qualified materials (undersize product) by the cylindrical drum sieve discharge, substandard materials (on screen product ) by the end of the discharge roller. As the material within the drum flip, scroll, so that the material in the meshes of the card can be ejected, to prevent petroleum proppant clogging of the sieve. Drum sieve sand, the principle of construction drum trommel screening machine with almost the same, there are differences on the people know it and it is called.

Resin-coated sand used in the Proppant

Resin coated sand as the proppant stimulation mechanism for hydraulic fracturing , the coated particles of the resin is filled in by generated hydraulic fractures in the reservoir condition , the coating softens and adjacent coated particles adhesive layer , and finally cured resin hardens into non- plastic state , particle maide fracturing proppants adhesion in the contact point region , a fairly stable and has a certain mechanical strength and permeability of the structure in the fracture . Electron microscopy samples found completely coat the surface of the particles of the resin after curing , the adhesive strength and in the section between the larger particles , which not only eliminates the high stress concentrations , but also to prevent the resin -coated high stress Ying produce fine grain under free . In short , the main reason for the resin coating as maide ceramic proppant sand proppant are the following : a resin-coated sand proppant can be prevented and the discharge tube or cracks around the proppant emptying . Deformable resin coating to avoid and prevent proppant crushing softer formations embedded . Tough coating having chemical stability oil , saline, and most of the acid. Resin-coated sand in the closure stress and temperature effects , fixed cracks in favor of oil production . Laboratory experiments on the physical characteristics of the resin coated sand were evaluated.

Shale gas development where the main environmental threats

Exploration and exploitation of shale gas potential environmental hazard does exist, reflected in the five areas.
The first is that the water came from.Ceramic proppant Shale gas water consumption is large, several times the conventional gas exploration. If the operating block near abundant runoff, shale gas problem. If you just have nearby creeks, streams will dry shale gas.
Secondly, the use of  hydraulic fracturing  of shale gas extraction technology, fracturing fluid to add a variety of chemical substances. These chemicals are safe, and whether it will penetrate into the groundwater to early preparedness. In addition, there are chemicals leaking into surface water hazards. Pollution of surface water and groundwater in shale gas exploitation are required precautions.
The third aspect relates to underground flowback wastewater treatment. Flowback wastewater pumped downhole not contain chemical substances, as well as the formation of the unknown substance, are potential sources of contamination.
The fourth aspect of the atmospheric pollution. Shale gas exploitation in the fracturing fluid is made from sand mixed with water, sand pressed into shale gas displace them. Sand is ground prior to use of very fine particles, blown air is contaminated itself. Construction process, if the wall is not strong enough, gas, and sand may also spread to the air pollution.
In addition, shale gas mining process,frac sand use diesel truck transport water and gas, substantial increase in the number of trucks on the air pollution caused by emissions.
Finally, fugitive methane emissions are also potential sources of contamination. Shale gas is the main component is methane, methane is more powerful than carbon dioxide greenhouse gases, once the leak will cause the chain of contamination.
But I think that these problems can be controlled, the government has enacted laws and regulations to regulate.

Shale oil has been classified as oil-producing countries in Africa experiencing one of the most serious threats

According to data provided by the International Energy Agency , from this year to 2018 , the United States and Canada 's oil production will grow 21 % or more. This means that a historic ,Frac sand far beyond human expectation reversal. It is reported that , after peaking in 1970 , U.S. crude oil production continues to decline for 20 years, until 2008 , after the success of shale oil development . With the " fracking " and other mining technology makes deep in North Dakota and Texas shale oil resources can be a lot of mining, U.S. crude oil production has increased to its highest level in 21 years . In addition, other areas of shale reserves , such as Pennsylvania, the vast majority of natural gas based.

Obviously , accounting for about one third of global oil production OPEC , the U.S. shale oil change startled. 2010 , the organization expects 2014 U.S. and Canadian oil production for Nissan 1180 million barrels. Just two years later, the expectations have been raised to 1,450 barrels per day.

In fact , just five years ago, the rapid growth of oil production is still a "not what might happen ," frac sand companies because shale oil production requires oil prices remain at least $ 70 a barrel , which was basically a non- sustained . However, in the past two years , by the Libyan civil war and tensions in the Gulf States and other OPEC boosted geopolitical risks , oil prices have gone far beyond the $ 70 level.

In view of the increase in domestic production , three African members of OPEC - Nigeria, Algeria and Angola 's oil exports to the U.S. fell to the lowest level in decades . According to data provided by the United States Department of Energy , 2012 U.S. imports from the three African countries, the scale of oil , 41% less than in 2011 , largely due to shale oil production soared. In comparison, in 2012 the Saudi oil exports to the U.S. grew by 14%. Recently, Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi said that the growth of non-conventional energy supply will not be in the global oil supply in Saudi dominance threat. The reason is simple , the demand is also increasing. Naimi said: " I ​​think that we should not be afraid of new supply ...... , cakes becoming large enough to allow people to share ."

However, Madhu Exeter have seen their faces danger. This month, she was in the UK , said, " shale oil has been classified as oil-producing countries in Africa experiencing one of the most serious threats in view of African oil-producing countries is gradually being out of the U.S. market, they may lose 25 % of its oil income . "

Some analysts pointed out , with Saudi Arabia 's heavy sour crude oil are different, the production of light sweet crude oil in Nigeria and shale oil in direct competition. Because of this, Nigeria hardest hit . Others do not provide services for the U.S. market, OPEC members , such as Iran , but also on the rise in U.S. shale oil production there are a lot of dissatisfaction . In an interview with " Wall Street Journal " interview, Iran's OPEC representative pointed out that the U.S. shale oil production rose and lukewarm demand for oil is low oil prices.

According to reports , so far,ceramic proppant shale oil in the United States challenges the question of how much OPEC members did not reach consensus. Undoubtedly, the organization may not afford the new divisions . 2008 , as oil prices fell below $ 100 a barrel , Saudi Arabia was forced to abandon unilateral decision to increase production .

Future of Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply

To the European debt crisis has battered , however, the more deadly crisis is waiting for Europe - Future Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply . Caught in this dilemma ,Ceramic proppant Europe can be said to suffer , because from a global perspective , the existing oil production is quite rich, while the internal environment unfavorable factors allows the energy industry struggling European tradition . A British think tank 's report that, in order to get rid of oil consumption dilemma, Europe needs to invest trillions of euros , however, existing policies may not attract so much investment.

Peak oil warning still fresh ,frac sand companies Greenpeace environmental slogans are everywhere , but fossil fuels will eventually not yet reached the point where so urgent . In recent years , with the massive proven oil reserves , the world's oil supply at least the next 100 years without problems. For a country, which aims to provide the impetus oil , it is not only the transport sector , manufacturing uptime guarantee , it is the basis of everyday life of ordinary people , no oil , no country can not achieve sustainable development , and more not in a competitive foothold on the international stage .

Currently, most of Europe 's oil supply from the North Sea, while the region 's oil production has declined compared to 2002 by 50%. Also includes Libya, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, these countries domestic political instability, social unrest often. These factors laid the disruption of oil supply risks. In fact, no need to rely on overseas fossil energy in Europe , through the development of local fields can solve the problem. To this end it is necessary to amend existing European energy policy , excluding the "Energy Roadmap " and reduce fossil fuel consumption requirements, this provision has so many stupid investors discouraged the European oil and gas industry .

As we all know ,  shale gas  revolution changed the U.S. energy landscape , so gas prices dropped significantly , manufacturing renaissance accelerated , the U.S. economic recovery is encouraged . In fact, the U.S. is not only rich in natural gas , but also has huge oil reserves , since gas-rich areas are often vast deposits of oil. The United States is interested in expanding oil production , which will undoubtedly speed up the economic development of the United States . In contrast Europe,unconventional gas exclusive development of renewable energy and oil and gas projects cumbersome approval process so that oil and gas developers are frustrated confidence .

Basic principles of shale gas development

First, insist on technological innovation. Technology with unlimited potential to change the situation of limited resources,ceramic proppant through increased scientific research and international cooperation, introduction, digestion and absorption of advanced technology to master the situation to adapt our resources exploration and development, production and management techniques.

Second, insist on institutional innovation. To innovative ideas in resource development, market development, gas prices, and management innovation and institutional mechanisms to study and formulate policies.

Third is to uphold conventional and unconventional combination. Shale gas and conventional gas distribution area most overlap, transport and use in the same way, shale gas development and utilization should be given special preferential policies, and conventional natural gas combine to achieve orderly development.

Fourth, insist both self and external cooperation.frac sand Strengthen self-exploration and development technology research at the same time, to carry out cooperation with foreign companies, through international cooperation, the introduction of technology to improve the capability of independent innovation.

Fifth, adhere to both development and ecological protection. Shale gas exploration and development process to focus on the wellsite intensive construction, vegetation restoration and conservation of water resources utilization, strict drilling and completion procedures and fracturing fluid composition and emission standards,Proppant protect the ecological environment.

Rock Oil is one of the biggest threat to oil-producing countries in Africa

But on the contrary, in 2012 the Saudi oil exports to the U.S. has expanded the scale of 14%. Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi said recently,frac sand companies the development of unconventional oil enough to threaten Saudi Arabia in the international oil trade dominance, because the demand is increasing. "I do not think outside of OPEC crude oil production is a threat, on the contrary, a bigger pie, and our more space."

Nigeria's oil minister Madueke opposite view. "Shale oil is one of the biggest threat to oil-producing countries in Africa." She stressed that the African members of OPEC would lose due to the U.S. shale oil 1/4 oil revenues. Since the production of light, sweet crude oil in Nigeria and the U.S. shale oil quality are similar, therefore pose a direct competitive relationship, while Saudi Arabia and other members of the production is higher sulfur content of heavy crude oil.

In addition to the traditional supplier countries,Proppant the United States, no trade relations with the United States OPEC members have complained. Such as Iran, says that the U.S. shale oil production increases and slow to pick up in global demand is the main reason oil prices dragged down. Saudi Arabia has the strength to digest the impact of low oil prices, Iran obviously do not have such strength. English EnergyAspect chief oil analyst Eminem Leader Sen pointed out that Venezuela and Iran, OPEC oil can withstand a minimum of 90 U.S. dollars / barrel. May 27, July Brent contract expires is $ 102.62 / barrel. Venezuela's oil minister said on that day,Ceramic proppant if oil prices fell below 100 U.S. dollars / barrel, OPEC will drive.

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) said that last year the impact of sanctions by the West, the Iranian oil embargo due to a loss of $ 26 billion in oil revenues. Therefore, Iran also needs high oil prices offset these losses.

What will change the world's energy landscape?

May 15, 2013, "Financial Times" reveals a story about some essential changes of energy. First brought by the SME hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology, can not be turned on before the development of shale resources. 2013, U.S. crude oil production 50% higher than in 2008.hydraulic fracturing Analysts have speculated, including the United States, Canada and Mexico, including the North American countries within a decade to become a net oil exporter. The IEA also boldly predicted that by 2017, the United States will surpass Saudi Arabia as the world's largest oil and gas producer. Energy industry veteran consultant Joe Stanislaus said, "Most people grew up in an energy-hungry world, but now, the situation seems to have changed. Energy security and abundance are greatly enhanced." Clearly, a new understanding of shale resources to help many countries out of trouble. Verge of bankruptcy had been found in Argentina and began to use its abundant shale resources, particularly shale reserves are enormous VacaMuerta development zone. However, most of the world outside the Americas, the basic sources of power generation is still coal.Proppant Low price of coal also means that the current development of domestic shale resources less pressure and uncertainty. But that does not change over the next 20 years of large-scale oil and gas trade patterns will change the facts. Shale resource development in most countries has not only changed pattern of dependence on energy commodities, but also changed the economic model, and these two modes are national strategies and key defense programs. "Shale hot" does not mean that regional marine transportation of oil and gas pipelines or sudden stop, but it did change some of the primary energy usage patterns. May 2013, "International Herald Tribune" published an article that, "There are indications that the U.S. shale heat is set off waves of globalization, two Japanese groups and a French energy giant has agreed to invest $ 7 billion in Louisiana to build liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, and the plant will be operational in 2017. " Thus, we can see that the next decade will be the formation of a new world energy model. Japanese investors clearly saw the need for a stable gas source, thereby reducing the dependence on the Middle East oil imports.Ceramic proppant Although most countries in breaking the existing path, the use of new technologies to meet the energy needs of slow progress, but it does change the global energy situation expected. Dr. Stefan Bosuo Ni strategist in 1974, "defense and foreign affairs," a book described the United States and Canada shale and tar sands situation, he wrote that the world has at least 20 million barrels of shale oil production , of which 2,000 billion barrels of easily recoverable reserves.

Increase U.S. energy stored behind the prosperity Dilemma

U.S. energy boom will not be subject to the law of diminishing returns? New production from existing wells attenuation degree reflect the depletion of oil resources, which is the energy circle a hot topic.ceramic proppant Previous years, some analysts have warned that crude oil demand, but in the current U.S. unconventional energy development and prosperity in the context of the few people mention this point of view. At least for now, in the United States has just begun the exploration of oil and gas resources of the surface remains stable global energy demand in the context of oil depletion is still too early to say. However, it was pointed out that with the United States to seek energy independence intensified, oil depletion effects could have accelerated development of U.S. energy impact. AIS Capital Management president and chief investment officer John Hummel said: "The production growth is indeed slowing, although the United States has not yet reached the peak of oil production,frac sand but is close to the highest point." Hummel believes that the United States is to eat their own rest on our laurels. He also cited data showed U.S. crude oil exports on the decline, while the main reason is due to the depletion of existing wells. Along with oil depletion, fewer and fewer production from existing wells, energy companies have to keep trying to find new resources. Depletion rates of existing wells estimates there are significant differences, from 2% per year to 20%, but everybody believes that all production wells can only be getting lower and lower, until finally completely exhausted. Exxon Mobil's annual report in 2012 noted that the company plans to invest $ 190 billion worldwide looking for attractive long-term growth projects, to bring to market new energy supplies. However, for the economy to provide oil lubrication needs are in conflict with environmental concerns, environmental protection measures in fact also affects the United States and other countries, energy development, especially in mining technology of hydraulic fracturing triggered fierce environmental protests. But also on the global supply of crude oil Skeptics who slow growth of global oil production as their argument. American Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas estimates data provided show that global oil production is currently a net increase of 1%, but then growth will drop to zero by 2015, global production will be negative growth. Hummel said: "Now the annual output of crude oil from 1% to 65% more than a little bit of oil. 1960s peak oilfield exploration, after 10 years, we found that each of the resources are fewer and fewer." But , the current oil supply is still greater than demand, holding supply pessimism were obviously in the minority. The International Energy Agency recently released a report that: "North American crude oil production over the next five years, the international crude oil market will have a tremendous transformative impact, its impact will be less than the past 15 years, the impact of China's crude oil demand growth." Most of the world's crude oil production hot in the United States comes from shale resources. For the origin of several major U.S. shale resources specific capacity exists in different estimates, but some estimates, a single Bakken oil production is sufficient to meet U.S. demand for crude oil a whole century. American Petroleum Institute chief economist John Feier Mi said: "We see the decay rate of production problems,shale gas but the key lies in large-scale exploitation of oil resources to sustain their ability to Even reduced production, mining will continue for several decades As long as the continued exploitation, there will be many opportunities. "He also pointed out that many U.S. areas prohibit exploitation of crude oil, once opened, may increase the 100 billion barrels of recoverable amount.

Nuggets Chinese foreign giants

Surprisingly, the shale gas  revolution in the U.S. Open, not Exxon Mobil, Chevron and other oil giants, but many in the research and development of mining gas new energy companies. These previously not well-known enterprises in the shale gas development into commercial maturity stage or aggressively taking advantage of the expansion, or with an enviable price of the acquisition, to achieve substantial economic benefits. Although many giants share some benefits, but also for the missed opportunity to harvest and remorse. In recent years, smart energy companies began turning to China. China has the world's recoverable shale gas resource potential, the government also hopes for industrial development. November 2012,ceramic ball the Ministry issued "on the strengthening of exploration and exploitation of shale gas resources and supervision of the work of the notice" clearly "to encourage owners of shale gas exploration and mining technology, foreign companies in joint ventures, cooperative forms of participation in our shale gas exploration and exploitation. "So far, ConocoPhillips, BP, Exxon Mobil and many other foreign giants with PetroChina, Sinopec signed a joint research agreement, trying to take advantage Road" national team "scramble for shale gas this gold mine. China's future energy demand is enormous pressure urgent need to improve the energy structure, shale gas because of its clean, large reserves of features,Ceramic proppant a national energy strategy, an important member of the layout. At present, China is still in the early development of shale gas, market potential, entry point into the city Bureau of shares described sighted, the upper hand. And there is strong geological coal resources,frac proppant technical strength as endorsements, is more optimistic about the prospects for cooperation.

Industrial scale is still far

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the global recoverable shale gas  reserves more than 187 trillion cubic meters, of which China accounts for about 20% of the total for the 36 trillion cubic meters, ranking first in the world, the equivalent of the United States ( 24 trillion cubic meters) and Canada reserves combined. Chinese Ministry of Land Resources is also expected recoverable domestic shale gas reserves of 25 trillion cubic meters. 2012 China has become the world's second largest oil importer, is widely expected that China will surpass the United States in recent years to become the largest importer of crude oil.frac sand However, the international crude oil price fluctuations and supply problems for China to pay a high price. In view of the United States in recent years shale gas technology breakthroughs, and whom bring a new energy revolution, China's shale gas revolution also full of expectations. But analysts said the foreign media that China take advantage of its vast reserves of shale gas on the road, facing some very significant obstacles. One is water. Mining reserves in the deep underground shale in shale gas, the only way is to use hydraulic fracturing technology, which requires a lot of water, and China is already facing water shortages. The second is China's lack of will from the exploitation of shale gas transported to the densely populated areas at the required pipeline infrastructure. However, the most critical obstacle to China may be the lack of hydraulic fracturing. Hampered by technical problems and cost pressures,frac proppant China shale gas exploration more slowly, currently only has shale gas wells more than 90 ports, mainly in exploration and exploitation of the Sichuan Basin, and the United States each year shale gas wells drilled 8000. China shale gas drilling cycle time and cost are the United States three times and 10 times. In March last year China introduced the "shale gas development plan (2011-2015)" proposed in 2015 will achieve large-scale production of shale gas, when production reached 6.5 billion cubic meters (equivalent to 2% of China's total gas output) , and strive to 2020 shale gas production more than 60 billion cubic meters. But now, the industry consensus seems to be that China can not achieve this goal. Beijing has been trying to shale gas exploration blocks in an open tender, the introduction of competition and to attract new funds, but so far have not achieved commercial success of a project. Zhuo record information energy analyst Wangxiao Kun told the "China Economic Focus" correspondent, currently affecting shale gas development in China's two largest factors, one technical, the second is too risky. "Shale gas development is a very long payback period of the project, the risk is very high, because the technology is relatively limited on the one hand, the other hand, the actual amount of recoverable amount and exploration may also have gaps, so after the end of the second round of bidding, There are not many companies as,Ceramic proppant after winning many have no substantive action. especially for some of the funds are not particularly strong enterprise, it is difficult to assume such risks. "Fudan Energy Economics and Strategic Research Center deputy director Professor Wu Libo also the correspondents said, and other centralized energy exploration and development patterns are not the same, the U.S. shale gas revolution from some small companies began to scale the direction of expansion. U.S. shale gas exploitation experienced before and after 20 years or so, before the present large-scale development. China shale gas development in the next five years is unlikely to have a real effect of industry growth, possibly driven only exploration and development equipment and technical aspects of some industries, from large-scale industrialization and still have a long distance. And China's geological conditions, resource situation and the United States are very different, "China in this regard is necessary to spend about 10 years, and before that, it can only be regarded as an emerging energy technologies, even the industry are considered not be reached.

Leading U.S. shale gas development

Six years ago, the United States is also considered a natural gas importer. Between 2000 and 2010, the United States spent to build the infrastructure to one hundred million cubic meters over 1000 regasification of imported liquefied natural gas (LNG); But in 2011, U.S. imports of liquefied natural gas has been less than 20 billion cubic meters,Ceramic proppant but also committed to in the year can be transformed into a regasification facilities for liquefied natural gas export terminal.
All this contributed to torsion of the promoter is shale gas.
The so-called shale gas is shale gas reserves inside. As all the world mud sediments, shale accounted for 60% of the total, so the prospects for shale gas resources are overwhelming. Government agencies from the United States Energy Information Administration data show that shale gas could be the world's total energy recoverable natural gas increased by 40%.
The United States is the first country of shale gas exploitation,frac sand early in 1821, a world's first commercial shale gas exploitation in a small town in the United States.
But since most shale gas exists in more than 1500 meters of rock in the early development of shale gas is very difficult. Until the 1990s, hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology development, commercial development of shale gas really have the possibilities. Technological breakthroughs that U.S. unconventional gas production increased significantly, which is also known as "shale gas revolution."
This revolution accelerated the U.S. Energy Development: From 2005-2010, the country's shale gas industry 45% annual growth rate. Shale gas accounted for the entire U.S. natural gas output declined from 4% in 2005 to 24% today. Shale gas revolution in the United States is to promote the rapid development of the chemical industry, and in the past decade has created 1.7 million jobs.
"In the U.S., almost everything points to the development of shale gas industry the right path." Chatham House researcher Paul? Stevens commented. In his view, the development of U.S. shale gas reap the "opportune": government formulated the "open access" pipeline regulations; industry has a large number of drilling rigs and other infrastructure; also makes a strong property rights Land owners can dominate mineral resources. These policies are so far behind other countries in the world.
By "The Economist" comment to describe, and now the U.S. production of natural gas "is already more than I do not know how to dispose of." Although the United States to minimize the production of natural gas, but the daily output is still 85 billion cubic meters, larger than consumption. Natural gas prices have fallen also allow sufficient, long ago, in the energy prices, natural gas prices are one-tenth of the oil, now is the fiftieth.
Royal Dutch Shell boss Peter? Voser expected that by 2015, shale gas prices will double. But still lower than the prices in Europe and Asia, so there should still be room for growth in the industry. It is predicted that at current production rates if the U.S. natural gas sufficient to maintain more than a century.
Now let Americans headache is to find more users to consume these excess gas. U.S.  shale gas  elsewhere in the world but also to feel the tremendous impact: once exclusively for the U.S. market Qatari LNG will be the next target has now been transferred to the relative scarcity of energy in Japan and the EU, given its low price of Russian great pressure. We know that the EU is the largest user of Russian gas, Russia's export volume accounted for 2/3, and in accordance with the formula to determine the long-term price of Russian gas prices are high or even higher than 30% of the spot market. Not only that, including China, Australia, Argentina and Europe and other countries, have begun to consider large-scale production of shale gas.

Energy: transformation brought entrepreneurship

The first two major world energy transformation and China pass, this time China is bound to participate. Today China's energy transition, a profound impact on the global energy landscape. Unconventional oil and gas and renewable energy sources, in essence, greatly expanded the concept of energy resources and geographical distribution,ceramic proppant the corresponding reduction of conventional oil and gas exporting countries negotiating leverage, China should be able to benefit from it.
Security of supply, reduce emissions and participate in global competition, is China's three major challenges facing the energy industry, from another perspective, in fact, "technological progress and innovation, and integration into the global energy system" issue. Market economy is the biggest advantage of efficient capital mobilization and utilization of the whole society, the success of U.S.  shale gas  revolution fundamental reason lies in the huge short-term capital inflows and effective use. There are reports that in the last eight years, only Texas on the drill nearly 400,000 shale gas wells, at an average $ 5,000,000 a well operator, has invested $ 2 trillion. "Money does not go in, the gas does not come out", the logic that simple. Over the years China's capital inflows into U.S. shale gas investment in China a hundred times in the domestic shale gas exploration and development, not only is the difference between the two stages of development, but also due to differences in institutional arrangements.
For conventional oil and gas, 150 years of history, is a "monopoly" History: From the family monopoly (the Rockefeller family, the Nobel family) to the cartel (petroleum seven sisters) to the group of countries monopoly (OPEC, IEA), as well as many non- OPEC's national oil company. Because fossil fuels oil and gas in an absolute monopoly, almost no price elasticity, as long as there are huge profits occupy resources, so the monopoly has become the natural properties of oil and gas industry. Energy diversification and the emergence of unconventional oil and gas, oil and gas industry will fundamentally change the rules of the game.
The latest example is a shale gas revolution is driven by the thousands of small and medium oil, and multinational oil giants almost no contribution to this. Exxon Mobil, Chevron and other giants have acquired a number of successful shale gas companies,frac sand companies but still proved whether the operation succeeded.
Great Transformation of energy to make the world into a new energy business cycle, those countries with the best institutional arrangements in this new cycle will take the initiative. Good institutional arrangements to attract the most money and the best people to lead the trend of technological progress and innovation. Hopefully not in the transformation of China's energy industry a new cycle, and then for the backward and sigh for centuries.

Northeastern Canada Yun-rich oil fields but found difficulty in mining

 Along the western coastline of Newfoundland, Canada, narrow green corner shale could hold as many as 230 million barrels of crude oil, however, the next big oil field in North America, have to find out how rugged yet broken from the mined rock oil economically feasible.
Headquartered in Toronto,Frac sand a small energy company Shoal Point Energy Ltd. (Referred SPE) has Newfoundland Green Point area of ​​land area of ​​nearly 280,000 hectares, is the region's largest landowners.
The company's president Langdon said that the band is indeed to be rich in oil resources, just absolute numbers will be very great, but also failed to demonstrate the feasibility of mining.
As the region's long-term development requires a lot of capital and technology, the SPE Company is currently seeking a joint venture as a partner. Langdon considered the region's rich oil resources, will attract large multinational oil companies to invest.
According to the North American shale oil mining for other methods need to break the hydraulic fracturing of rock to divert the energy, and this controversial method comprising the water, a mixture of sand and chemicals into the ground, the rock burst. This approach allows the hydraulic fracturing of  shale gas and oil in a large release, but will also give a security risk drilling near groundwater.
Combined with each of the different geographical structure Shale region for North America, other parts of the method that may be adjusted only after a special corner for the green terrain. Green corner shale structures appear thicker than other regions in North America, the earth plate movement has occurred around the rocky folds.
This World Journal quoted a competent consulting firm Boyd's words, where rock layers rupture occurred many times, but once the rock for this situation, it is difficult to drill oil. To exploit the energy here, had to create a new method.
Green hornfels extended to offshore area, now SHE company has started to drill oil from the land portion.ceramic proppant The future may also mined shale flat or shallow harbor.
Newfoundland region is already Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose and other large oil fields, is an important oil exploration areas in eastern Canada.

Checks and balances oil

Energy Research Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Professor Yu Lijun said that Russia as a major exporter of natural gas short position is not expected to be U.S.  shale gas  development shaken. However, during Lijun also pointed out that the U.S. efforts to develop shale gas with this unconventional gas energy and reduce imports from overseas oil and gas resources, from a psychological level as well be traditional Middle East oil-producing countries such as Venezuela affected. From the short-term situation, shale gas will be like as a stimulant, stimulate the U.S. can no longer rely on that oil-producing countries in the Middle East and Russia.Ceramic proppant And it is some of the oil-producing countries such as Venezuela, often to take advantage of rising oil prices challenge to the United States, if the U.S. dependence on oil drop, then obviously will be more emboldened to face challenges.
If the United States does decide to export natural gas, European countries may also tasted the sweetness. Europe's gas currently rely mainly on Russian gas company. Russia in many international affairs like this advantage to play the role. January 2009, Russia and Ukraine on gas prices and gas debt problems of a dispute, the Russian side also interrupted gas supply through Ukraine to Europe, resulting in many European citizens exposure to cold.
With shale gas production has increased significantly, the U.S. government announced that it would shift the focus of the global strategy to Asia, especially East Asia.frac sand companies Meanwhile, the U.S. has also strengthened against Iran and Syria sanctions. Analysts said the future of East Asia will be the center of the world's energy import demand in the United States to get rid of energy dependence on the Middle East, the control or curb the Middle East to China and other East Asian countries, the energy flow will increase in the United States in the international economic order and control the right to speak .

U.S. Energy: from importing countries to exporting countries shift

Global shale gas revolution first occurred in the United States, shale gas is expected to bring a lot to the U.S. energy industry's transformation.
First,Frac sand shale gas is expected to change U.S. energy consumption structure. U.S. energy consumption is mainly dependent on oil, gas and coal. Renewable energy technologies have a certain development, such as solar, wind, geothermal and biomass power generation, but has not yet achieved scale use, it can not in the country's future energy consumption structure play an important role.
Quite a long time in the future, natural gas will remain the major U.S. energy consumption type, the proportion of total U.S. energy consumption,frac proppant more than 1/4, while shale gas will be the main source of future U.S. natural gas. Therefore, shale gas production is expected to change the United States, even a wider range of energy markets. Current U.S. shale gas industry is in a state of prosperity, Pennsylvania, Louisiana and Texas all existing shale gas reserves into production, are constantly found new reserves, such as Marcellus, Igor Ford and Utica reserves.
Secondly, shale gas is expected to change the pattern of U.S. energy imports. Traditionally, the United States from Canada, mainly rely on imports to meet demand for natural gas, shale gas development and production in recent years, so that it can become self-sufficient in natural gas consumption. In 2008, the total U.S. natural gas imports accounted for 13% of supply. This figure is expected to 2035 to 1%. Moreover, the U.S. is also prepared in the global gas market to play a more important role - the United States has been adjusted part of the original imported natural gas processing and conversion facilities to export LNG in the form of shale gas resources.
Again, shale gas is expected to change the direction of U.S. energy investment. U.S. shale gas development speed and scale of potential resources to bring great pressure on manufacturers, requiring them to quickly enhance their human resources and technical strength.ceramic proppant The United States will increase investment in the future, to address shale gas drilling, processing and transportation of specialized equipment supply shortage. U.S. energy companies in addition to large-scale development of domestic shale gas resources, but also look overseas to China, Argentina and other shale gas reserves are huge, but the scale of production in the country has not yet formed to invest.

Decline in demand prices plunged U.S. shale gas development boom rapid cooling

Japanese "Fuji Sankei Business Daily" reported that the U.S. shale gas development boom is being overshadowed.Ceramic proppant In the context of falling demand, shale gas prices fell, development gains are continuing to deteriorate, the number of mining equipment are rapidly reduced. Mining operations provide oilfield services companies face the risk of failure.
According to the American Petroleum Development service provider Baker Hughes Inc., is currently working throughout the United States the number has dropped to 422 excavator units, down 48 percent from a year ago, which is since 1988 the decline since statistics maximum of one year.
The decrease in the number one reason excavator is being used by the U.S. energy industry's production of shale gas production from shale oil transfer.frac proppant In the United States ranked third in the oil services company Schlumberger CEO pavilion Judd Gibbs announced in July of income and expenditure report that "leads to reduced demand for excavators biggest reason is the industry are turning to shale oil production. "
Because shale gas is greater than the pressure on oil shale formation, and thus the output power required for mining equipment will be greater.
Development of shale gas commonly used "hydraulic fracturing technology" requires higher technology and more expensive equipment, which undoubtedly oil exploration and service industry has brought huge profits. However, this situation is changing. In addition, natural gas prices fell sharply during the recent global economic slowdown and the rapid expansion in the context of the high cost of oil service jobs no longer seem indispensable. Investment in energy production industry is showing narrowing trend. U.S. natural gas company Chesapeake Energy and some companies have begun to shrink the scale mining.
America's biggest oil service provider Halliburton, Baker Hughes, Weatherford and other companies were predicted their respective North America in the second quarter operating profit will be down $ 1 billion or so.
While the same excessive competition within the industry and mining equipment oversupply exacerbated seriousness of the situation.
Over the past five years, by the United States to accelerate the development of shale gas effects, oilfield services provider for updating machinery and equipment investment of up to $ 10 billion or more.ceramic ball Although the hydraulic fracturing process used in construction machinery total power output has reached about 15.6 million horsepower, but the actual production capacity needed only about 12 million horsepower, up 30 percent excess capacity.

China's Great Leap Forward shale gas

March 2012, the National Development and Reform Commission and other four departments jointly issued the " shale gas " second five "development plan" put forward: 2015 Chinese shale gas output reached 6.5 billion cubic meters by 2020 and strive to reach 60 billion annual to 100 billion cubic meters.
Ministry of Land and Oil and Gas Resources Strategic Research Center deputy director Zhang Dawei: At present, China shale gas exploration and development is still in its infancy, we consider the "second five" is mainly to prepare, we plan (annual) production is 65-8000000000 party " Thirteen Five "is a big stage of development, then you can strive to achieve 100 billion square (every year), accounting for a quarter of our total gas production.
In June 2011, the Ministry for the state-owned public tender to sell shale gas exploration.ceramic proppant Winning several major domestic oil companies have begun to conduct exploration and production activities.
According to Chinese data on several major domestic oil companies, as of the end of April 2012, China drilled a total of 63 shale gas (oil) wells, which BP 61, MLR test wells 2, and has 30 pages rock wells in industrial airflow.
Relatively rapid progress in the oil, in southern Sichuan, Yunnan and northern regions is preferably a four favorable block, of which four vertical wells in industrial airflow. While Sinopec shale gas exploration for the first time after winning the tender, now in eastern Guizhou, Anhui, Sichuan and northeastern drilled five appraisal wells, of which two in industrial airflow.
October 25, 2012, to open the second round of private enterprises to open tender for shale gas in Beijing opened the tender is ever sell our mineral rights, the minimum threshold, the most open again. According to the announcement file: as long as the Chinese-funded enterprises registered in the territory, or Chinese-controlled joint venture with a registered capital of not less than 300 million yuan, you can participate in the tender.
Xiamen University, Lin Boqiang: U.S. shale gas is a private small to do it, then China Without this force, then it may be relatively slow, PetroChina, Sinopec I understand now though that they shale gas is still very great importance, but My heart is not there, so rapid shale gas development on a large scale, it may also need private, require massive influx of foreign private needs.
Shale gas development prospects, accelerate the development of shale gas has become the consensus, but the current situation of large-scale commercial production from a certain distance, which is a key factor in our country has not yet established the core of shale gas exploration and development technologies. The use of  shale gas  development and  Hydraulic fracturing  technology requires a lot of water, which for water-starved China is a huge challenge.

Principles of shale gas and mining technology

Shale gas refers to occur in Unconventional gas , often distributed in source rocks of sedimentary basin formation. However, this gas is trapped in dense, almost no pores and cracks in the shale, in the exploitation of its formation must be artificial fracturing, manufacturing long cracks, and to the formation of cracks prop channel,frac proppant so keep up the pressure and gas continuously flow into the wellbore.
Shale gas extraction technology is mainly horizontal drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing technology. Mainly for the production of horizontal wells, you can get a larger reservoir discharge area, get higher natural gas production. The purpose of hydraulic fracturing is to increase the well bore and gas reservoir rocks contacts for oil and gas to the well bore to provide a high penetration of mobile channel. The basic process is the completion of the drilling and installation of drilling, high-pressure liquid mixture into the drilling, so that gas reservoir rocks crack, and the high-pressure liquid proppant into the fracture to keep it open after the state,ceramic proppant making this a hydraulic fracture the oil and gas drilling speed channel guide. High pressure liquid water and solid support by the agents (such as quartz sand) and chemical additives, water, sand content is generally 98% - 99.5%, additive content of 0.5% - 2%. For high-pressure fluid has more than 250 kinds of chemical additives.