hydraulic fracturing treatments in order to produce at economic rates

The shortage of natural gas in the U.S. has caused an increasing number of deep well completions over the past several years--a trend that will likelycontinue. Many of these deeper wells will require hydraulic fracturing treatments in order to produce at economic rates. To achieve successful fracturing results, a material having properties superior to sand is needed toprop open the hydraulic fractures created at the high earth stresses present indeep wells.Resin coated silica sand, the commonly used propping material, tends to crush atclosure stresses encountered in deep formations, producing fine particles orfragments that can drastically reduce fluid conductivity of the proppedfracture. propped fracture. Efforts to develop a proppant capable of bearinghigh stresses without excessive crushing have produced such materials as glassbeads, steel shot, and aluminum pellets. Glass beads have been usedcommercially for over ten years, but there is evidence indicating that thestrength of the glass in multilayers is greatly decreased in the presence ofbrine. Metallic materials are presence of brine. Metallic materials arecomparatively expensive and corrode, so their use has been very limited. Otherresearch has looked at deformable materials, such as nut shells, that will notcrush and will prop open a fracture when a partial layer is present. The use ofdeformable propping materials in partial monolayer propping materials inpartial monolayer concentrations appears to have decreased in recent years.

Ceramic sand production line is widely used in China has become a trend

In the 21st century, ceramic sand production line more than 15% annual growth in China . Significant increase in applications from the traditional civil engineering ceramic oriented to based products, such as ceramic on ceramic blocks and wallboard demand , stimulating the rapid growth of ceramic ; ceramic materials on the traditional sticky shale to industrial waste and sludge ; ceramic production equipment, large-scale, production control automation trend is more pronounced.
hydraulic fracturing properties:
1 heat insulation . Due to internal porous ceramic , it has good thermal insulation , with its preparation of concrete thermal conductivity is generally 0.3 ~ 0.8W / (mk), 1 ~ 2 times lower than ordinary concrete .
2 excellent fire resistance . Common Lytag concrete or brick set Lytag insulation , earthquake , frost , fire and other properties in one, especially fire resistance is four times more than ordinary concrete.
3 good seismic performance. Because ceramic concrete light weight, low elastic modulus, good resistance to deformation , it has a better seismic performance.
4 excellent oil fracturing support effect. When ceramic products used in deep well fracturing equipment , which was filled to the low permeability fractured rock deposits in high closed fracturing treatment to split hydrocarbon formations , play a supporting fissures not because of stress release and closed, thus maintaining high conductivity of oil and gas , not only to increase oil and gas production , and more to extend the service life of oil and gas wells .

5 good water effects. hydraulic fracturing proppant devices usually do uniform media for water treatment works best , it is smooth, filtration resistance , wear resistance, not broken , do not agglomerate , easy regeneration, is generally not replaced. 7 . Impermeability excellent . According to several tests , impermeability ceramic concrete is better than ordinary concrete . So one fine ceramic concrete dam construction materials production , underground works .
6 adaptability. Depending on the country resources, respectively, using clay , shale, fly ash or other solid waste to produce ceramic . Depending on the application and market needs , can produce different bulk density and particle size of the ceramic products ( lightweight ceramic structure with ceramic insulation , structural ceramic ) , also produce special purpose ceramic, such as high temperature ceramic tablets , acid , such as ceramic and ceramic flowers .

High efficient flow capacity of hydraulic fracturing

The so-called fracture flow capacity,( Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants ) refers to the product and fracture closed width and closure stress fracture permeability (wk) f[1 ~ 2].

  Proppant is the role of hydraulic fracture stimulation filling fracture initiation, which is no longer closed again, and the formation of a high flow capacity of the flow channel, keep the cracks open.

Oil fracturing proppant knowledge introduction

Ceramic proppant acid fracturing of oil is a product of ceramic particles with high fracture strength, mainly for the oil well supported, to increase production of oil and natural gas, an environmentally friendly product. This product is the use of high-quality bauxite and other raw materials, sintered ceramic, is a substitute for natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls and other low-strength proppant, to increase production of oil and gas has a positive effect. When oil and gas exploration in deep, high pressure low permeability Deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the channel formed by the collection out of the cracks. Ceramic support material along with high-pressure solution is filled into the formation in rock fissures, cracks do not play a supporting closed due to stress release effect, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of ceramic proppant fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells.
Uses: ceramic proppant fracturing of oil can be used in fracturing fluid deep, high-pressure oil and gas layers. High quality bauxite, the raw material for the king to be finely ground into a fine powder after crushing, with various additives, repeatedly kneading, granulation, polishing. Sintered at high temperature, the product has high strength, low density, good sphericity, finish high conductivity and strong advantages. My company's products by China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute, Langfang Branch support evaluation laboratory testing, the performance indicators fully meet SY / T5108-2006, SY / T6302-1997 standard, currently in the lead.
Product Category:
1, according to the anti-fragmentation were 52MPa (7500psi), 69MPa (1000psi) and 86MPa (12500psi), 102MPa (15000psi) four series.
2, divided by the bulk density: low-density, medium density, high density.
3, according to the specifications are as follows: 12-20 mesh, 16-20 mesh, 16-30 mesh, 20-40 mesh, 30-50 mesh, 40-60 mesh, 40-70 mesh, 70-100 mesh and so on.
To meet the needs of domestic and international oil and gas wells, deep wells user can choose different intensity and different specifications

By ceramic shape classification

Ceramic according to shape into gravel-type ceramic, spherical and cylindrical ceramic ceramic.
(1) gravel-shaped ceramic
Gravel-type ceramic proppant general use natural mineral production, the first stone grinding, roasting, and then sifting; also available in natural and artificial light materials such as pumice, scoria, cinder, coal and other natural or calcined directly broken screen points derived.
(2) spherical ceramic
Spherical ceramic production is the use of the disc pelletizer. First raw flour, then add water pelletized into balls and then baking or curing together. At present, China's resin coated ceramic proppant Most of this variety.
(3) a cylindrical ceramic
Cylindrical ceramic commonly used plastic extrusion. First made of mud, and then cut into a cylindrical shape. This ceramic ball is suitable for high plasticity clay like material, the yield is relatively low. If using a cylindrical blank brick back firing in the kiln cylinder roll into an oval shape.

Oil fracturing support is very effective

When oil and gas exploration in deep, high pressure low permeability Deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the channel formed by the collection out of the cracks. Along with a high-pressure high-alumina support material solution into the formation filling in cracks in the rock, do not play a supporting crack closure due to stress release effect, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of high-alumina proppant hydraulic fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells, a key material in the oil and gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration and construction. Products used in deep fracturing, it will be filled to the low permeability fractured rock deposits in high closed Fracturing proppants treatment, the hydrocarbon rock split, play a supporting fissures not because of stress release and closed, thereby maintaining the oil and gas high flow capacity, not only to increase oil and gas production, and can extend the service life of oil and gas wells.

Reported surge in U.S. shale oil production or reshape world oil industry

According to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 5 月 14 reported that the International Energy Agency (IEA) 14 announced an interim report that the next five years, one-third of the world's new oil supply will come from the United States.Unconventional gas BBC said that the U.S. has proven shale oil Grain unexpectedly rose substantially likely to change the global crude oil producing countries contrast pattern.
The report shows that the North American market in the supply of crude oil off the waves are spread worldwide. U.S. crude oil imports from the country into a net exporter to the Middle East crude oil demand will slow down.ceramic ball In addition, by 2015, the United States will replace Russia as the world's largest natural gas producer. 2035, U.S. domestic demand for energy will "self-sufficiency." International Energy Agency Director-General van der Hoeven (Maria van der Hoeven) said that, for many years in North America than-expected supply growth has impacted every corner of the world oil market. U.S. surge in oil production will undoubtedly reshape the entire crude oil industry. The agency also said that from 2012 to 2018, the U.S. daily crude oil production will increase by 390 million barrels, representing the traditional non-OPEC oil-producing countries to increase production by two thirds.
BBC noted that the surge in oil production in the United States known as the energy market, in large part due savior shale oil. However, its production process is widely applied  hydraulic fracturing  technology has been questioned by environmentalists. It is reported that France has banned the technology.

Shale gas development where the main environmental threats

Exploration and exploitation of shale gas potential environmental hazard does exist, reflected in the five areas.
The first is that the water came from.Ceramic proppant Shale gas water consumption is large, several times the conventional gas exploration. If the operating block near abundant runoff, shale gas problem. If you just have nearby creeks, streams will dry shale gas.
Secondly, the use of  hydraulic fracturing  of shale gas extraction technology, fracturing fluid to add a variety of chemical substances. These chemicals are safe, and whether it will penetrate into the groundwater to early preparedness. In addition, there are chemicals leaking into surface water hazards. Pollution of surface water and groundwater in shale gas exploitation are required precautions.
The third aspect relates to underground flowback wastewater treatment. Flowback wastewater pumped downhole not contain chemical substances, as well as the formation of the unknown substance, are potential sources of contamination.
The fourth aspect of the atmospheric pollution. Shale gas exploitation in the fracturing fluid is made from sand mixed with water, sand pressed into shale gas displace them. Sand is ground prior to use of very fine particles, blown air is contaminated itself. Construction process, if the wall is not strong enough, gas, and sand may also spread to the air pollution.
In addition, shale gas mining process,frac sand use diesel truck transport water and gas, substantial increase in the number of trucks on the air pollution caused by emissions.
Finally, fugitive methane emissions are also potential sources of contamination. Shale gas is the main component is methane, methane is more powerful than carbon dioxide greenhouse gases, once the leak will cause the chain of contamination.
But I think that these problems can be controlled, the government has enacted laws and regulations to regulate.

The international development of shale gas

Global shale gas development is not common, only the United States and Canada a lot of work in this area. Among them, the United States has entered a rapid development of  shale gas  development stage of commercial exploitation in Canada is still in its infancy. U.S. shale gas development has 80 years of history, the oil companies involved in the 23 from 2005 to 2007, the development of 64. 2000 U.S. shale gas annual production of 122 billion cubic meters, while in 2007, only Newark East's annual production of shale gas reached 21.7 billion cubic meters, U.S. shale gas production close to 50 billion cubic meters, accounting for the total U.S. natural gas the amount of more than 8%. But from the U.S. Energy Information Administration data show website: U.S. shale gas production accounts for natural gas production increased from 2007 to 2011 were 8.07% (2007), 11.09% (2008), 15.19% (2009), 21.69% (2010 ), 29.85% (2011). Experts said that the U.S. shale gas is growing faster than the United States can not do without the support of national policy and the development of advanced technologies,fracturing proppant and this is at least 2015 Chinese do not have. The late 1970s, the U.S. government in the "energy windfall Law" provides tax subsidies unconventional energy development policy, since Texas since the early 1990s, the development of shale gas do not charge taxes on production. In addition, the United States has also set up a special research fund of unconventional oil and gas resources. It can be said that the U.S. government's emphasis on the development of shale gas shale gas development provided a strong impetus. Shale gas in terms of this new thing, a favorable policy support will undoubtedly greatly reduce development costs and stimulate the development of shale gas. With the rapid increase in shale gas production, the IEA predicts that by 2015 the United States will overtake Russia to become the world's largest natural gas producer. U.S. Energy authorities have predicted that shale gas will replace coal and become second only to the second-largest U.S. oil energy resources, and may change the U.S. energy production patterns. By 2012, shale gas production increased energy prices have been pulled down, the revitalization of the U.S. manufacturing sector has become a magic weapon. European Airbus and many large international companies to move into the U.S. of some manufacturing projects, is the value of local low energy prices. In addition, thanks to the shale gas revolution " hydraulic fracturing " technology, shale oil (a petroleum) production also increased rapidly, so that U.S. oil production rebounded strongly, leading to 2011, the United States since 1949, first became net exporter of refined petroleum products. The IEA believes that by 2020 the United States will become the world's largest crude oil producer. U.S. ConocoPhillips CEO Ryan Lance said that by the mid-1920s, the United States will not have to import oil. The rapid development of U.S. shale gas has changed America's energy consumption structure, not only reduces the consumption of coal and other energy ratio, but also reduces the dependence on Middle East oil and energy state, triggering a worldwide revolution in shale gas development.

Adopt new technologies, unconventional oil production is increasing rapidly.

In 2005, the then U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney (oil giant Halliburton's former CEO) and promoted by the vigorous lobbying, Congress passed the "Energy Policy Act" prohibits EPA using the "Safe Drinking Water Act "Control oil and gas extraction, eliminating the widespread use of  Hydraulic fracturing  and horizontal drilling technology is the biggest obstacle. German "international politics" bimonthly 2013 March-April issue publication Heinrich - Böll Foundation Chairman Ralph? Fox entitled "resource curse," the article states that "the rapid extraction technique leads recoverable oil and more and more natural gas resources. "

Using hydraulic fracturing technology, not only to re-develop old oil fields, but also to mass exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources. United States, "Washington Post" Web site published in October 2011,ceramic ball chairman of Cambridge Energy Research Associates Daniel Yergin, entitled "Oil New World Order," the article describes, the use of hydraulic drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing technology made from dense rocks More and more oil. In 2000, U.S. oil production is tight rock Nissan 20 million barrels per day by 2020 will reach 300 million barrels a day after, the equivalent of U.S. daily oil output of 1/3.

Harvard Business School published study reported that U.S. oil production of 800 million barrels from 2013 to 2020 of 1160 million barrels of foreign oil dependency has risen from 60 per cent in 2005 to 42% in 2012. U.S. "national interest" bimonthly web site in March 2013 introduced in the U.S. energy supply of oil from the Middle East accounted for only 14%. Citibank estimates that by 2020, U.S. oil production will reach 13 million barrels to 15 million barrels, which will assist in North America as the "New Middle East." International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2017,frac sand companies the United States will surpass Saudi Arabia as the world's largest oil producer. To 2035, the United States almost able to achieve oil self-sufficiency.

British "Financial Times" Web site in November 2012 issued a "explore: energy, security and reshape the Modern World," a book of Daniel Eugene entitled "U.S. Energy is changing the world," the article pointed out: "Although oil production has undergone tremendous changes, but even less dependent on energy imports can not get rid of U.S. geopolitical logic, they would remain closely connected with the entire world. "

Partial lifting of the ban on offshore oil drilling, planned exploitation of domestic oil resources.

U.S. proven oil reserves of the world's proven oil reserves account for only about 2%. In 1981, the U.S. Congress passed a bill to freeze 4.8 km from the coastline to 322 km of the U.S. continental shelf oil;hydraulic fracturing 1991, U.S. President George W. Bush signed an executive order that will take zones extend to the Gulf of Mexico oil region of Alaska near the center and all the offshore overseas waters, the ban is valid until 2002; 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton will ban was extended to 2012. In 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush saw oil prices exceeded $ 140 per barrel, proposed ban offshore oil bill, but the Federal Court of Appeal to the "lack of scientific basis" as an excuse, rejected Bush's ban plan.

The United States in 20 years non-exploitation of offshore petroleum resources in the main area, one is to protect the ecological environment. U.S. offshore oil exploration areas spill has occurred several times, causing serious environmental pollution. Second, protection of domestic oil resources. U.S. implementation of "dwelling on the far" oil strategy,frac sand not only in order to protect the domestic non-renewable, dwindling oil resources, but also to control the global oil market, profiteering and maintain world hegemony. Robert Bryce in his "energy independence of the road" in his book "than the U.S. domestic oil industry, more importantly, is the world's economic health, and if the expulsion of the Saudi royal family of Saudi oil leaving the military coup of stagnant flow, then the whole world economy will fall into chaos. "Therefore," We need to continue to work with Saudi Arabia and other key energy producing countries diplomatic cooperation, because even if we have more and more domestic energy supply, they will continue to affect the international market. "in five Middle East war,Proppant the United States mobilize support for Israel and the Gulf War and the Iraq war, is to control the Middle East strategic and war for oil.

In order to reduce dependence of foreign oil and expand employment, in March 2010, President Obama announced the partial lifting of the ban on offshore oil and gas exploration areas. A year later, President Obama proposed to increase U.S. energy independence the new target,Unconventional gas announced in 2025, the United States will reduce oil imports 1/3 in order to "increase U.S. energy independence."

Energy Saving: saving energy future choice

Energy crunch facing the unavoidable future of energy may be the best strategy, it is also likely to avoid the economic, social and ecological destruction of the only best choice.Hydraulic fracturing Whether energy policymakers choose which path the next few decades, the world will face in the future energy limit.

If rebuilding the global energy infrastructure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,Proppant it means that you want to cancel on oil, coal, natural gas stimulus policies and subsidies, and transfer to include solar, wind, geothermal and other renewable energy industries.frac sand As long as fossil fuels are still in use, it is necessary for carbon dioxide capture and storage.

Seventy--one percent of Americans agree that exporting domestic natural gas will help create U.S. jobs

according to a new poll conducted by Harris Interactive for API’s “What America is Thinking on Energy Issues” series.
      "American voters know that exporting more of America's domestic energy would lead to more jobs,hydraulic fracturing help the economy, and reduce the nation’s trade deficit," said API Chief Economist John Felmy. "The United States has the opportunity to get it right and use its abundant supplies of clean-burning natural gas resources to meet the president’s goal for doubling U.S. exports by 2015.”
      The telephone poll of 1,006 registered American voters found that in addition to supporting the U.S. economy and job creation, more U.S. natural gas exports would help reduce the U.S. trade deficit (63 percent), helps keep energy dollars here in the U.S. rather than being sent to other regions of the world (66 percent),frac sand and increase the nation’s energy security (64 percent).

      Positive support for exporting U.S. natural gas by a majority of American voters is reinforced by facts reported in a recent study produced by ICF International. The study finds that U.S. LNG exports could spur strong domestic economic and job growth.

    “Industry advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have led to a dramatic increase in the estimated recoverable  shale gas  resources here in the U.S.,” said Felmy. “The American people get it. The U.S. can be a global energy superpower as long as our leaders pursue smart energy policy. We are also the global leaders on clean air.Proppant Technological advances that have enabled us to reach natural gas from shale have also helped the U.S. lower its carbon dioxide to 1994 levels.”

U.S. shale oil boom exacerbate differences within OPEC

"Wall Street Journal" reported that the U.S. energy industry boom is intensifying OPEC (OPEC) internal differences.hydraulic fracturing The organization had to face in the global oil trade revolution of the environment, such differences may result in Africa and the Arab rift between Member States.

On Friday, OPEC meeting in Vienna, focused on rising U.S. shale oil production impact, and spawned differences. Most vulnerable to the impact of the OPEC member countries should be urged to do when oil prices fall further reduce production preparation. Gulf members of OPEC representative said that "We are to some problems."

OPEC oil and the United States that produce shale oil level almost African Member States, (such as Algeria and Nigeria),frac sand from North America are suffering the worst effects of the oil boom. Nigeria's Petroleum Resources Minister Madhu Exeter that the U.S. shale oil is a "serious concern."

In comparison, the Gulf States, especially Saudi Arabia, robust growth in the U.S. shale oil shock lightest. You know, in all members of OPEC, only the Gulf countries have cut production flexibility. However, several delegates said, despite having this flexibility, however unlikely Gulf States agreed at its meeting on Friday cut.

This will exacerbate problems in recent years, OPEC's power struggle. It is understood that require the use of high oil prices to fill domestic spending and offset the decline in production affect Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, often to the Saudi-led Gulf conflict. As we all know, the Gulf states are financially strong to withstand lower oil prices.

Of course, OPEC had to overcome in the face of external threats when a series of internal differences.ceramic ball It is worth mentioning that in 2008 during the outbreak of the global financial crisis, OPEC members agreed to reduce the more than 400 million barrels of daily output, aimed at suppressing the price of oil fell. However, the differences between the representatives have said that in view of the North American OPEC oil supply rose for impact is not evenly distributed, so the use of coordinated production cuts to support oil prices will become more difficult.

How dollars into commodity currencies?

Then the dollar and how it becomes a commodity currencies?
Growing oil production can effectively reduce U.S. foreign oil dependence, but at the same time, the world's other major economies such as the EU, Japan, Asia and other emerging countries, because of reduced production and other factors facing increasing energy gap .Hydraulic fracturing According to EIA forecasts that by 2035, the European daily oil imports rose from 10 million barrels to 12 million barrels, while the next 20 years, Asian countries other than Japan daily oil imports will rise from 1,400 barrels to 3000 million barrels.
In future prices $ 200 / barrel basis, the U.S. net oil imports only from 2011 to $ 300 billion to $ 600 billion in 2035, while Europe increased from $ 300 billion to $ 1 trillion, from emerging countries in Asia $ 45 million rose to $ 2.5 trillion.ceramic ball From the GDP accounting point of view, the next 10 years, U.S. oil imports accounted for 2% of GDP, down from 1%, while in Europe rose to 2.5 percent from 2 percent in Japan rose to 3.5 percent from 3 percent, the Asian emerging countries from less than 4 percent to more than 5%.
This change will lead to a strong dollar. Stage, UBS estimates between the euro and the dollar should be 1:1.15-1.20 reasonable parity, the future dollar will appreciate. Similarly,frac sand companies the U.S. dollar against the yen rose 1:90-100 parity will also benefit from 1:75, and the yuan to appreciate against the U.S. dollar will not last.

Investigation and assessment of shale gas resource potential

Oil and gas resources in the national strategy for selection of special, set "national investigation and evaluation of shale gas resource potential and the favorable area preferred" project,hydraulic fracturing the country is divided into the Upper Yangtze land and Dianqiangui, Middle and Lower Yangtze and the southeast, north and northeast, northwest and Tibet five major areas, shale gas resources and potential to carry out the investigation and evaluation.

1, the National Distribution of organic-rich shales

2011 to 2013, analysis of the existing regional geological survey and exploration of oil and gas and other information, the implementation of geological survey, geophysical and geochemical exploration conducted surveys and shallow wells, the completion of field profile measured 50 kilometers,frac sand non-seismic geophysical exploration 10,000 one thousand meters geological Asai 200, access to all areas of organic-rich shale basic information on land in China as soon as possible to identify the distribution of organic-rich shales and basic parameters, preferably prospective areas of shale gas resources.

2, the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation

In Sichuan and Hubei Province in east, north Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi Qiannan Nanpanjiang; Hunan - Dongting, northwestern Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Anhui; Erdos, Southern North Songliao, Bohai Bay Basin, Liaohe Depression, Tarim , Junggar and Turpan-Hami, Santanghu, Qaidam, Qiangtang, such as basins and regions, focusing on both other regions, the deployment D seismic 20,000 kilometers non-seismic geophysical exploration 40,000 kilometers,frac proppant survey wells 50 , access to shale gas system parameters to evaluate the resource potential, basic grasp of the national shale gas geological resources and recoverable resources distribution, preferably shale gas enrichment favorable target areas, study concludes that shale gas enrichment regularity. Construction of the investigation and evaluation of shale gas, exploration and exploitation and utilization of integrated demonstration area to promote the shale gas industry, the rapid formation and development.

OPEC can not afford a split again

U.S. counter-attack to the world's total output of 1/3 of OPEC alarmed. The organization in 2010 had predicted that in 2014 the North American oil production will reach 1180 million barrels / day,hydraulic fracturing only two years later, it revised the forecast of OPEC, the value increased to 1450 million barrels / day.

Some analysts believe that five years ago, U.S. crude oil production to rebound was an accident, because of cost, production of shale oil to be profitable, the oil price can not be less than 70 U.S. dollars / barrel. Originally erratic fluctuations in oil prices, but due to the unstable political situation within OPEC, such as the outbreak of civil war in Libya, as well as some political unrest in the Gulf countries,frac sand leading to the decline in production, but oil prices continue upward.

OPEC officials said, is studying how to eliminate the U.S. shale oil production to its impact. But nobody say where the U.S. shale oil on the international markets in the end how much. Iran, OPEC's governing Hatti than that, the North American shale oil to the international markets has increased by 1.5 million barrels / day supply. The Gulf States representatives believe that the increased supply only a maximum of 50 million barrels / day.

Prior to this, if a dispute,ceramic ball Saudi usually choose to ignore Iran and other hardline members aspirations. But experts believe that OPEC can not stand again split.

U.S. shale oil production of OPEC differentiation

OPEC in Vienna on May 31 held a regular meeting to discuss the need to cut production to focus on price.frac sand United States, "Wall Street Journal" recently analyzed that North American shale oil within OPEC raised production potential conflicts between Member States on whether to reduce the quota is not a small difference.

In Algeria, as the representative of the African member states believe that the production of crude oil and North American shale oil level so similar North American shale oil production increased by the greater threat; Nigeria's oil minister Madueke stressed U.S. shale oil is a "big trouble ";Hydraulic fracturing while Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia then appeared very calm, these countries cut stance on the issue of flexibility than other OPEC members.

A representative of the Persian Gulf States acknowledged that OPEC is indeed in trouble. Analysts pointed out that in recent years, continued infighting within OPEC, now merely internal strife upgrade. Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, the three countries need to maintain a balance of high oil prices,Proppant domestic spending, cut stress relief, so often associated with the rich and powerful, led by Saudi Arabia, the oil price is not sensitive to the level of member states of the Gulf altercation.

As crude oil production increased, the three most important American OPEC oil supply from Africa countries - Nigeria, Algeria and Angola in 2012 exports to the U.S. fell to the lowest in 10 years, compared with 2011 decreased by 41%. U.S. Department of Energy said crude oil production, primarily shale oil contribution.

What will change the world's energy landscape?

May 15, 2013, "Financial Times" reveals a story about some essential changes of energy. First brought by the SME hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology, can not be turned on before the development of shale resources. 2013, U.S. crude oil production 50% higher than in 2008.hydraulic fracturing Analysts have speculated, including the United States, Canada and Mexico, including the North American countries within a decade to become a net oil exporter. The IEA also boldly predicted that by 2017, the United States will surpass Saudi Arabia as the world's largest oil and gas producer. Energy industry veteran consultant Joe Stanislaus said, "Most people grew up in an energy-hungry world, but now, the situation seems to have changed. Energy security and abundance are greatly enhanced." Clearly, a new understanding of shale resources to help many countries out of trouble. Verge of bankruptcy had been found in Argentina and began to use its abundant shale resources, particularly shale reserves are enormous VacaMuerta development zone. However, most of the world outside the Americas, the basic sources of power generation is still coal.Proppant Low price of coal also means that the current development of domestic shale resources less pressure and uncertainty. But that does not change over the next 20 years of large-scale oil and gas trade patterns will change the facts. Shale resource development in most countries has not only changed pattern of dependence on energy commodities, but also changed the economic model, and these two modes are national strategies and key defense programs. "Shale hot" does not mean that regional marine transportation of oil and gas pipelines or sudden stop, but it did change some of the primary energy usage patterns. May 2013, "International Herald Tribune" published an article that, "There are indications that the U.S. shale heat is set off waves of globalization, two Japanese groups and a French energy giant has agreed to invest $ 7 billion in Louisiana to build liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, and the plant will be operational in 2017. " Thus, we can see that the next decade will be the formation of a new world energy model. Japanese investors clearly saw the need for a stable gas source, thereby reducing the dependence on the Middle East oil imports.Ceramic proppant Although most countries in breaking the existing path, the use of new technologies to meet the energy needs of slow progress, but it does change the global energy situation expected. Dr. Stefan Bosuo Ni strategist in 1974, "defense and foreign affairs," a book described the United States and Canada shale and tar sands situation, he wrote that the world has at least 20 million barrels of shale oil production , of which 2,000 billion barrels of easily recoverable reserves.

China: tight oil promising

Potential of tight oil reserves are huge China could become a "tight oil revolution" strong capital followers. Endemic to China dominated by continental sedimentary basins with oil and gas, generally have poor reservoir characteristics, the corresponding development of a large number of rich low-permeability oil and gas resources.frac proppant Currently, the preliminary evaluation of favorable exploration area of ​​15 to 24 million square kilometers, the amount of recoverable resources of 18 to 28 million tons. According to the China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute of Oil and Gas Development Software Center Director Ran Kai full introduction, the overall performance of tight oil production performance as "initial yield, low-yield rapid decrement and post-yield" feature, different characteristics at different stages of seepage. Tight oil development currently facing a "deepening reservoir understanding, improve well production, improve utilization levels and recovery, reducing costs," the four challenges, compact and efficient development of oil must take  Unconventional gas  ideas, technology and management model to achieve development of the whole process of the "simplicity, industrial, domestic, market-oriented, standardized and efficient operations," as soon as possible to recover the investment. With the "long horizontal section horizontal wells, the volume fracturing, factory mode of operation" scale applications, and low-voltage, low-pass, low-quality, low-charge-type,hydraulic fracturing such as different types of tight oil development technology breakthroughs, China dense peak oil production forecast up to 2800 million to 35 million tons, development potential, will have significant social and economic benefits.