Shale gas exploration and development generally involves resource evaluation, gas exploration and gas exploitation three main stages, corresponding to shale gas exploration and development technologies can be divided into categories according to resource assessment technology, gas technology and gas exploration mining technology.
Shale gas resource evaluation related to the development potential of shale gas, mining sites, the commercialization process and a series of follow-up questions. Currently, shale gas research, surveys and other basic work low level, is the commercial exploitation of shale gas in the most important issue facing the study does not in-depth investigation and exploration is not detailed in the case emphasizes the development of shale gas too early. And late stages of commercial development are different, shale gas geological survey, geological exploration should focus on the scientific level, China and the United States belong to different continents, shale generated in different environments, not in the theory and development of
shale gas levels according to the set of U.S. The geological knowledge and methods should be careful of shale gas resources in-depth fundamental research, rather than to invest in the development emergency in overheating.
Gas field exploration technology is the potential for shale and reservoir evaluation, selection, favorable exploration target areas, identify the main producing layer technology for further exploitation of shale gas ready. At present, the main methods used for gas field exploration of geological, geophysical, geochemical, drilling and other methods, and showing by means of geophysical comprehensive research-based ways. Of shale gas reservoirs with the U.S. shale gas reservoirs compared to a huge difference between the different regions of China shale gas reservoirs is not the same, so at this stage should also be adapted to local conditions, for different regions of the shale gas reservoirs actual situation detailed in-depth exploration and research.
Gas exploitation phase that can produce shale gas is actually a critical stage. First of all, the difficulty of exploitation of shale gas is greater than their conventional gas exploration more difficult. There is a vivid metaphor, if the gas likened to "goods", then the rock is a natural "warehouse", the exploitation of natural gas as open "warehouse" of the lid, plug in the tube, natural gas they will come out; while page shale gas is not so "obedient", and it is adsorbed on the "warehouse" of the "walls" and "lid", do not use a special method that is not their own coming out. Thus, the degree of fracture development of shale gas migration and accumulation, economic exploitation of the main controlling factor. But only a few well-developed natural fracture shale gas wells can be directly put into production, the remaining 90% of the shale gas well fracturing and other measures need to be taken to be "pulled" out.
After years of research, exploration, the United States formed a horizontal drilling and
Hydraulic fracturing technology as the core of advanced shale gas technology system. However, even in the U.S., different regions of shale gas occurrence, development of technology parameters, also there is a big difference in contrast between adjacent development wells difficulty, suitable for different mining techniques but also to explore the region for a long time. Production of shale gas reservoirs significantly different shape compared with the U.S., such as shale gas in Sichuan Basin greater depth of burial, burial depth of U.S. shale gas more than 200 to 2000 meters, while China's Sichuan page rock gas burial depth of 1500 to more than? 4000 m; Guizhou, Chongqing, Hunan and other places shale layers thinner and often presents stacked, see also the different levels of local metamorphism; between different regions of China shale gas reservoirs is difficult to compare between wells references, analogies, even layer , also more difficult.
In addition, the United States is sparsely populated, relatively flat terrain, is conducive to the development of shale gas, while China Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing and other areas, densely populated large terrain elevation, geological disasters, and fracturing the well site area larger, if the future development wells bit more intensive, easy to induce human disturbance on landslides and other geological disasters, shale gas development of the integrated negative effects should be on the alert.
gas fracking
2013年7月31日星期三
Water treatment technology for shale
U.S. shale development jobs are finding water treatment solutions. Water is the current U.S.
shale gas development companies are very concerned about infrastructure and sanitation requirements of the practical issues related to them must solve the water problem.
Shale drilling for water issues, oil and gas industry is actively taking action because the current practice of water treatment problems will become unsustainable exploitation of shale gas. It can be said, the oil and gas industry is at a crucial crossroads, continue the successful development of shale oil and shale gas development companies depend on accelerating the adoption of new and emerging through the water treatment technology, thereby correcting their treatment program. Systemic change will require daily operation procedures to reduce logistical and environmental pressures, while providing sustainable water choices to ensure long-term development of shale gas resources.
Issue of access to water
Make a viable shale gas development project costs and logistics, especially in remote areas, it is very important. Development of a 650,000 square kilometers (25 square miles) of shale gas projects must receive billions of gallons of water. Optional water, including surface water, groundwater and municipal water (including fresh water and wastewater) and return drainage and the use of produced water. Horizontal wells in the drilling phase requires 2MMgal of water, and in the completion phase requires more than 10MMgal of water. The water must be transported to the wellhead, which are most likely to involve a range of services and logistical support for the work of manpower.
There are few people bring Hydraulic fracturing operations and safety of drinking water supplies questioned. Shale gas development can provide a wealth of information about the operator for fracturing evidence favorable, usually in the area has been set, only less than 1% water. However, in certain geographic area, the fracture may require relatively more water, the operator can see different makes water fracturing process. For example, in the U.S. Permian Basin, persistent drought conditions cause the water is restricted.
Shale drilling for water issues, oil and gas industry is actively taking action because the current practice of water treatment problems will become unsustainable exploitation of shale gas. It can be said, the oil and gas industry is at a crucial crossroads, continue the successful development of shale oil and shale gas development companies depend on accelerating the adoption of new and emerging through the water treatment technology, thereby correcting their treatment program. Systemic change will require daily operation procedures to reduce logistical and environmental pressures, while providing sustainable water choices to ensure long-term development of shale gas resources.
Issue of access to water
Make a viable shale gas development project costs and logistics, especially in remote areas, it is very important. Development of a 650,000 square kilometers (25 square miles) of shale gas projects must receive billions of gallons of water. Optional water, including surface water, groundwater and municipal water (including fresh water and wastewater) and return drainage and the use of produced water. Horizontal wells in the drilling phase requires 2MMgal of water, and in the completion phase requires more than 10MMgal of water. The water must be transported to the wellhead, which are most likely to involve a range of services and logistical support for the work of manpower.
There are few people bring Hydraulic fracturing operations and safety of drinking water supplies questioned. Shale gas development can provide a wealth of information about the operator for fracturing evidence favorable, usually in the area has been set, only less than 1% water. However, in certain geographic area, the fracture may require relatively more water, the operator can see different makes water fracturing process. For example, in the U.S. Permian Basin, persistent drought conditions cause the water is restricted.
New fracturing technology and features
A mixed fracturing technology (Hybrid Fracturing)
Although made seam fracturing water capacity, the economic cost is low, but the strong shale reservoirs pressure filtration so easy to crack open a closed, need to compensate for the fracturing fluid through the high displacement fluid loss, so the pumping requirements and water higher demand for resources. Because water fracturing sand carrying ability is poor, difficult to maintain the crack width, the near-wellbore zone Yi sand plug, reduce the use of small particle size proppant settling velocity is easy to make the crack formation at high pressure closed again, affecting the water fracturing stimulations effects (Figure 1). The emergence of hybrid fracturing significantly improved water fracturing fluid loss is high, low viscosity and poor carrying capacity deficiencies, which can be pumped into the larger Proppant particle size, increasing crack width, reduce formation damage.
Mixed fracturing technology construction process is to pump water into the slippery, making use of water strong ability to generate long seam cracks, and then pumped into the crosslinked gel pad fluid, and finally the use of gel and a mixture of certain size proppant in previously formed long cracks occur viscous fingering, slowing proppant settling ensure fracture conductivity.
Mixed fracturing technology feature is the ability to obtain a longer than normal water fracturing effective fracture, with better carrying capacity and lower filtration. Formation damage in the mixture between water fracturing technology and gel fracturing fracturing between the degree of injury was significantly less than the crosslinked gel fracturing, and can save some water.
The technology in the Barnett Shale application areas with high clay content, showing well production can be increased by 27.7%. Anadarko Haynesville shale gas evelopment in the United States used to compare diagnostic techniques fracturing fracturing and water mix fracturing application effect. The results show that small-scale Hydraulic fracturing average effective fracture half-length of 25 m, mixing after fracturing effective fracture half-length of 75 m. Therefore, the use of hybrid fracturing can significantly increase cracks, improve fracture influence.
Although made seam fracturing water capacity, the economic cost is low, but the strong shale reservoirs pressure filtration so easy to crack open a closed, need to compensate for the fracturing fluid through the high displacement fluid loss, so the pumping requirements and water higher demand for resources. Because water fracturing sand carrying ability is poor, difficult to maintain the crack width, the near-wellbore zone Yi sand plug, reduce the use of small particle size proppant settling velocity is easy to make the crack formation at high pressure closed again, affecting the water fracturing stimulations effects (Figure 1). The emergence of hybrid fracturing significantly improved water fracturing fluid loss is high, low viscosity and poor carrying capacity deficiencies, which can be pumped into the larger Proppant particle size, increasing crack width, reduce formation damage.
Mixed fracturing technology construction process is to pump water into the slippery, making use of water strong ability to generate long seam cracks, and then pumped into the crosslinked gel pad fluid, and finally the use of gel and a mixture of certain size proppant in previously formed long cracks occur viscous fingering, slowing proppant settling ensure fracture conductivity.
Mixed fracturing technology feature is the ability to obtain a longer than normal water fracturing effective fracture, with better carrying capacity and lower filtration. Formation damage in the mixture between water fracturing technology and gel fracturing fracturing between the degree of injury was significantly less than the crosslinked gel fracturing, and can save some water.
The technology in the Barnett Shale application areas with high clay content, showing well production can be increased by 27.7%. Anadarko Haynesville shale gas evelopment in the United States used to compare diagnostic techniques fracturing fracturing and water mix fracturing application effect. The results show that small-scale Hydraulic fracturing average effective fracture half-length of 25 m, mixing after fracturing effective fracture half-length of 75 m. Therefore, the use of hybrid fracturing can significantly increase cracks, improve fracture influence.
Shale gas water fracturing technology and China's constraints
Horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing of shale gas development is the core technology, but also the countries hope to break through the technical "bottleneck." Currently, large-scale
hydraulic fracturing is the transformation of shale gas, the key to creating business capacity, but can not fully meet the actual needs of China. Compared with North America, China shale gas development more special geological conditions, scope buried deeper stratigraphic older.
China shale gas are located in Sichuan, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Songliao and other hilly, mountainous areas, water scarcity, transportation inconvenience, a large water fracturing can only meet the pre-trial development, when large-scale commercial exploitation of these problems will certainly as a constraint to the development of shale gas an important factor. Therefore, to explore shale gas development to adapt to China's technology system, the formation of independent property rights of the original innovation is the only way for China's shale gas development.
Most large-scale fracturing of shale gas wells need to get commercial production, shale reservoir stimulation technology in the process and scale are different from conventional fracturing. Shimizu fracturing is the most widely fracturing technology (also repeated fracturing and synchronize multiple fracturing with water-based liquid-based), but because the basic conditions around the world and reservoir characteristics of the differences are not all shale gas suitable for application of this technology. Fracturing technology choices to combine properties of shale geology, mineral composition, microstructure, sensitivity, brittleness, technical conditions, development conditions and other factors considered. North American in the job selection process summed up a set of methods fracturing techniques, mainly based on stratigraphic characteristics to choose the type of fracturing fluid displacement amount of sand and other processing. This selection method for shale gas development in North America achieved good role in guiding, but does not consider water supply capacity, and disturbing effects on the surrounding environment constraints such as operating conditions, it also brings some contradictions and problems.
Shimizu fracturing low cost, large-scale transformation, but also has its own technical limitations applied in China should be considered when the following questions:
A) water supply capacity of water-based fracturing (frac water, re-fracturing, synchronous fracturing) water consumption is huge. Production data show that over 75% of North American shale gas wells are yielding more than 10 fracturing, fracturing a repeat 1-2 times, the need to push open wells Week 60 m outside the reservoir. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, in 2010 the average single-port shale gas wells in water 0.76 × 10 4 ~ 2.39 × 10 4t (depending on depth, horizontal length, fracturing scale), of which 20% to 85% compression After the stay in the underground. U.S. water resources are relatively abundant, roughly meet development needs. But Chinese water scarcity, it is difficult to meet the needs plenty of water.
2) restrict water reservoir properties of sand carrying poor performance, long horizontal sections and proppant easy settlement cracks, sanding, low efficiency, effective fracture length is more difficult to target. Compared with the U.S., China shale gas reservoirs low quartz content, carbonate and clay content, proppant embedment significantly after creep and fracture easily closed again after transformation, the long-term diversion capacity is insufficient.
3) large-scale equipment and operating constraints Shimizu fracturing and fracturing equipment needed are large-scale operations, number of tons of water and proppant mixed more need specialized compounding facilities, raw materials storage and transportation fleets dependent on a huge number of jobs, transport huge.
China shale gas exploration and development in Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Henan, Liaoning, the new focus on these areas of large horizontal drilling and fracturing in addition to the above problems faced, but also by geological structure, topography, reservoir depth and other factors, these constraints will be constrained in the foreseeable future China's massive shale gas exploration and development. National Development and Reform Commission, "shale gas development plan (2011-2015)" called "to carry out a new fracturing fluid fracturing fluid treatment and reuse technology research, grasp for Chinese shale gas development stimulations core technology to improve shale gas well production ", while" saving water resources, "which indicates that for scientific and technological research, and explore new fracturing technology is the needs of the national strategic level. These problems are not only practical problems in China, North America, Europe shale gas development process also facing the same problem. Some counties such as the United States and France, because once fracturing pollution, water shortages and flowback fluid handling problems halt shale gas development. A large number of water supply problems also let the western United States, Canada and some European countries favor the development of new environment-friendly fracturing technology. Thus, in the process of shale gas development, explore new fracturing, development of technology has become a trend.
China shale gas are located in Sichuan, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Songliao and other hilly, mountainous areas, water scarcity, transportation inconvenience, a large water fracturing can only meet the pre-trial development, when large-scale commercial exploitation of these problems will certainly as a constraint to the development of shale gas an important factor. Therefore, to explore shale gas development to adapt to China's technology system, the formation of independent property rights of the original innovation is the only way for China's shale gas development.
Most large-scale fracturing of shale gas wells need to get commercial production, shale reservoir stimulation technology in the process and scale are different from conventional fracturing. Shimizu fracturing is the most widely fracturing technology (also repeated fracturing and synchronize multiple fracturing with water-based liquid-based), but because the basic conditions around the world and reservoir characteristics of the differences are not all shale gas suitable for application of this technology. Fracturing technology choices to combine properties of shale geology, mineral composition, microstructure, sensitivity, brittleness, technical conditions, development conditions and other factors considered. North American in the job selection process summed up a set of methods fracturing techniques, mainly based on stratigraphic characteristics to choose the type of fracturing fluid displacement amount of sand and other processing. This selection method for shale gas development in North America achieved good role in guiding, but does not consider water supply capacity, and disturbing effects on the surrounding environment constraints such as operating conditions, it also brings some contradictions and problems.
Shimizu fracturing low cost, large-scale transformation, but also has its own technical limitations applied in China should be considered when the following questions:
A) water supply capacity of water-based fracturing (frac water, re-fracturing, synchronous fracturing) water consumption is huge. Production data show that over 75% of North American shale gas wells are yielding more than 10 fracturing, fracturing a repeat 1-2 times, the need to push open wells Week 60 m outside the reservoir. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, in 2010 the average single-port shale gas wells in water 0.76 × 10 4 ~ 2.39 × 10 4t (depending on depth, horizontal length, fracturing scale), of which 20% to 85% compression After the stay in the underground. U.S. water resources are relatively abundant, roughly meet development needs. But Chinese water scarcity, it is difficult to meet the needs plenty of water.
2) restrict water reservoir properties of sand carrying poor performance, long horizontal sections and proppant easy settlement cracks, sanding, low efficiency, effective fracture length is more difficult to target. Compared with the U.S., China shale gas reservoirs low quartz content, carbonate and clay content, proppant embedment significantly after creep and fracture easily closed again after transformation, the long-term diversion capacity is insufficient.
3) large-scale equipment and operating constraints Shimizu fracturing and fracturing equipment needed are large-scale operations, number of tons of water and proppant mixed more need specialized compounding facilities, raw materials storage and transportation fleets dependent on a huge number of jobs, transport huge.
China shale gas exploration and development in Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Henan, Liaoning, the new focus on these areas of large horizontal drilling and fracturing in addition to the above problems faced, but also by geological structure, topography, reservoir depth and other factors, these constraints will be constrained in the foreseeable future China's massive shale gas exploration and development. National Development and Reform Commission, "shale gas development plan (2011-2015)" called "to carry out a new fracturing fluid fracturing fluid treatment and reuse technology research, grasp for Chinese shale gas development stimulations core technology to improve shale gas well production ", while" saving water resources, "which indicates that for scientific and technological research, and explore new fracturing technology is the needs of the national strategic level. These problems are not only practical problems in China, North America, Europe shale gas development process also facing the same problem. Some counties such as the United States and France, because once fracturing pollution, water shortages and flowback fluid handling problems halt shale gas development. A large number of water supply problems also let the western United States, Canada and some European countries favor the development of new environment-friendly fracturing technology. Thus, in the process of shale gas development, explore new fracturing, development of technology has become a trend.
Shale gas development debate and awareness of the way
Practice shows that the volume of
shale gas reservoir fracturing obtained only after the initial high yield, but also more conducive to long-term stable; fracture stimulations in our country is the development of shale gas will be the most important technical means.
1 shale gas has been very good in foreign exploitation, and domestic shale gas development and research is in its infancy, urgent research study its production stimulation technique.
(2) production of shale gas fracturing methods used mainly development, including large-scale vertical wells slippery Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal wells clustering perforating staged fracturing, transforming ideas for the formation of complex seam net volume modification techniques.
3 main volume of shale gas horizontal wellfracturing proppant fracturing technology drillable bridge plug packer staged fracturing, including segmented cable cluster perforation technology, high displacement, slippery water, large-scale, low-sand ratio fracturing technology, drillable bridge plug packer technology.
4 domestic shale gas is rich in resources, to get effective development and utilization, modification technology is particularly critical fracture stimulation is recommended to carry out the first volume in a straight Inoue fracturing techniques to explore technology, liquid, construction parameters of adaptability and evaluation after pressure effect, after the success of the horizontal well development.
5 for the development of domestic shale gas volume fracturing horizontal well technology, research should focus on pumping drillable bridge plug staged fracturing technology, including the development of drillable bridge plug, perforating technology research grade cable, electric detonating bridge plug seat seal technology and other supporting technologies.
1 shale gas has been very good in foreign exploitation, and domestic shale gas development and research is in its infancy, urgent research study its production stimulation technique.
(2) production of shale gas fracturing methods used mainly development, including large-scale vertical wells slippery Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal wells clustering perforating staged fracturing, transforming ideas for the formation of complex seam net volume modification techniques.
3 main volume of shale gas horizontal wellfracturing proppant fracturing technology drillable bridge plug packer staged fracturing, including segmented cable cluster perforation technology, high displacement, slippery water, large-scale, low-sand ratio fracturing technology, drillable bridge plug packer technology.
4 domestic shale gas is rich in resources, to get effective development and utilization, modification technology is particularly critical fracture stimulation is recommended to carry out the first volume in a straight Inoue fracturing techniques to explore technology, liquid, construction parameters of adaptability and evaluation after pressure effect, after the success of the horizontal well development.
5 for the development of domestic shale gas volume fracturing horizontal well technology, research should focus on pumping drillable bridge plug staged fracturing technology, including the development of drillable bridge plug, perforating technology research grade cable, electric detonating bridge plug seat seal technology and other supporting technologies.
2013年7月29日星期一
Fracking difficult to apply in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia as the world's most dynamic economic development of the regions, in addition to other countries outside of Singapore's economic development is relatively backward, although countries have energy products, but has yet to expand the resource development. With the outbreak of the American Revolution
shale gas ,
Hydraulic fracturing technology Zhongxingpengyue immediately became the focus of the Southeast Asian countries are also eager, but fracking is difficult to become Southeast Asia's development.
All along, the Southeast Asian countries are committed to the creation of wealth through oil and gas, but countries are quite different levels of development, Brunei oil and gas industry is flourishing, in order to ensure that the oil and gas sector to maintain high growth, the Brunei government decided to implement the oil production policies, accelerate oil and natural gas resource development. Brunei government plans to accelerate the pace of onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration carried out a series of programs. The industry is expected, Brunei 2035 oil production from the current 40 million barrels to 80 million barrels. In addition, Malaysia's oil and gas production has been steadily growing, but Myanmar, Cambodia, the Philippines, Vietnam and East Timor in the oil and gas reserves are still struggling with development plans.
Must admit that fracking emergence of this innovative technology for the exploitation of oil and gas industry has brought a revolutionary impact, even though the technology can extend the life of existing fields, but its impact on the environment has been criticized.
In fact, the Southeast Asian countries, and the strength of the neighbors and the energy giant's oil and gas cooperation negotiations have been very difficult, and the emergence of hydraulic fracturing method to make this process more difficult, particularly with regard to the South China Sea, Thailand Bay, the Timor Sea and Andaman politically sensitive areas such as oil and gas reserves.
All along, the Southeast Asian countries are committed to the creation of wealth through oil and gas, but countries are quite different levels of development, Brunei oil and gas industry is flourishing, in order to ensure that the oil and gas sector to maintain high growth, the Brunei government decided to implement the oil production policies, accelerate oil and natural gas resource development. Brunei government plans to accelerate the pace of onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration carried out a series of programs. The industry is expected, Brunei 2035 oil production from the current 40 million barrels to 80 million barrels. In addition, Malaysia's oil and gas production has been steadily growing, but Myanmar, Cambodia, the Philippines, Vietnam and East Timor in the oil and gas reserves are still struggling with development plans.
Must admit that fracking emergence of this innovative technology for the exploitation of oil and gas industry has brought a revolutionary impact, even though the technology can extend the life of existing fields, but its impact on the environment has been criticized.
In fact, the Southeast Asian countries, and the strength of the neighbors and the energy giant's oil and gas cooperation negotiations have been very difficult, and the emergence of hydraulic fracturing method to make this process more difficult, particularly with regard to the South China Sea, Thailand Bay, the Timor Sea and Andaman politically sensitive areas such as oil and gas reserves.
Hydraulic fracturing: Fu Xi disaster by V?
Hydraulic fracturing is a technique to improve the efficiency of oil and natural gas extraction method, while able to take advantage of previously untapped unconventional resources, by pumping fracturing fluids (including water, chemicals and materials to produce cracks) to the hole inside . As this technology is the most developed of the U.S., several years ago we applied this technology to increase oil and gas production areas. Especially being heralded as an energy revolution in
shale gas - U.S. shale gas production from natural gas accounted for 2 per cent in 2000 to 40 percent in 2012, after being touted as a cleaner alternative to coal after fracturing technology is being "sought after." However, there is damage to the environment due to fracturing techniques and other issues, is also seen as only a simple expedient to delay the inevitable end of fossil fuels. Shale gas is indeed cleaner than coal, easy assignment. However, fracking harm to the environment, including lead to significant amounts of methane leakage. Hazards of methane to the atmosphere than carbon dioxide warming more dangerous. Experts said fracturing must be controlled for in order to ensure protection of the environment. Priority is to continue the development of renewable energy technologies and to provide political and economic incentives to implement such technology. From an environmental perspective, fracturing will bring many risks. Millions of gallons of water is pumped into the ground, in the areas of serious water shortage, water scarcity will only add to the problem. Many studies have shown that chemical substances used fracturing may contaminate groundwater, and may even increase the seismic activity. In fact, many areas in response to public outcry and respond to environmental concerns, has banned hydraulic fracturing. In 2011, France became the first country to ban hydraulic fracturing, lawmakers insist the ban until it can be clearly demonstrated fracturing will not cause groundwater contamination. Quebec also suspended
hydraulic fracturing activities. However, the most dangerous aspect of hydraulic fracturing is a continuation of the dependence on fossil fuels. Although hydraulic fracturing can provide more fuel, improve oil recovery efficiency, but it is still a limited pollution resources. Combustion of natural gas is less carbon emissions than coal, but methane gas wells high leakage rate would be offset by the advantages. In addition, from coal to natural gas only saves us from dependence on a fossil fuel to another fossil fuels. Although many proponents claim that hydraulic fracturing, natural gas could provide the U.S. with over 100 years of energy, but this claim has been slashed to just 24 years, and is based on consumption without any significant growth above.
Exploitation of shale gas development in other regions
United States and Europe is the future demand for natural gas in areas most ardent, but also on
shale gas development most active regions. Since deregulation decree with the United States has advanced mining technology, prompting the U.S. shale gas exploration booming; European regulations and environmental damage due to the doubts, the pace of shale gas development than the United States for delays.
European shale gas development, is currently facing (1) In order to minimize the consumption of freshwater resources, the use of sea water for Hydraulic fracturing method, resulting in increased costs. (2) gas reservoir areas are usually close to densely populated areas, mining Impact Across regions, will face strong opposition from nearby residents. (3) compared to the conventional natural gas, shale gas produce the same quality, the number of required additional drilling, causing more bound opposition. All of the above conditions have resulted in the exploitation of shale gas in Europe than in the U.S. application of the difficulty is high.
European shale gas development, is currently facing (1) In order to minimize the consumption of freshwater resources, the use of sea water for Hydraulic fracturing method, resulting in increased costs. (2) gas reservoir areas are usually close to densely populated areas, mining Impact Across regions, will face strong opposition from nearby residents. (3) compared to the conventional natural gas, shale gas produce the same quality, the number of required additional drilling, causing more bound opposition. All of the above conditions have resulted in the exploitation of shale gas in Europe than in the U.S. application of the difficulty is high.
Chinese enterprises overseas investment shale gas leaving aside can learn skills and experience, even if learned, can not be copied to China is another question.
Chinese enterprises overseas investment
shale gas leaving aside can learn skills and experience, even if learned, can not be copied to China is another question. China's shale gas environment and the United States are not the same, not only is the shale itself, water, surface facilities, etc. There are also significant differences, from several points of view, the U.S. technology is not necessarily suitable for China's shale gas development.
While shale gas in the United States fired a sensation, the capital seems droves. But only through the purchase of equity, you want to profit in the U.S. shale gas market is also not easy. "As far as I know, several companies in the U.S. shale gas investments, there is no one project started profitable." This person told reporters. In the United States long period of low natural gas prices in the case, there are difficulties in the future to make a profit.
Buy blocks interest in the way of funds invested, it seems unable to Sinopec, CNOOC and other central enterprises to bring the expected returns. The equipment manufacturing enterprises, but in the U.S. shale gas market do wind and water. Needed to develop shale gas casing, fracturing proppant and other chemical products from China are also a large number of enterprises.
While shale gas in the United States fired a sensation, the capital seems droves. But only through the purchase of equity, you want to profit in the U.S. shale gas market is also not easy. "As far as I know, several companies in the U.S. shale gas investments, there is no one project started profitable." This person told reporters. In the United States long period of low natural gas prices in the case, there are difficulties in the future to make a profit.
Buy blocks interest in the way of funds invested, it seems unable to Sinopec, CNOOC and other central enterprises to bring the expected returns. The equipment manufacturing enterprises, but in the U.S. shale gas market do wind and water. Needed to develop shale gas casing, fracturing proppant and other chemical products from China are also a large number of enterprises.
Development process issues that need attention
shale gas is able to successfully develop a key factor is that in the normal water does not interfere with the local industry and agriculture under the premise of local water supply capacity to meet shale gas well drilling and Hydraulic fracturing with water. If the water is not properly controlled drilling frequency, time and location will be the effective use of the river adversely affected. For example, the reduction of water will cause the river downstream of the lack of public water, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, wetlands, aquifer recharge and other negative impact on the ecological environment, but also may exacerbate the effects of drought. A significant increase in shale gas water may cause cumulative effects on the environment, such as rivers and other surface water and groundwater resources depletion, loss of aquifer storage capacity, deterioration of water quality, as well as the sustainable utilization of regional water resources decrease and so on. It is important to pay attention to several issues:
1) does not affect the spirit of the inhabitants of the local and regional drinking water, industrial and agricultural water, flora and fauna, water and other resources required to balance the principle of prevention and the development of shale gas resources to reduce the potential environmental pollution and ecological destruction.
2) make shale gas produced water disposal and treatment back to work, the introduction of independent research and development and a key return water treatment technology, forbidden to rivers, lakes and soil back to the discharge of untreated water. 3) to encourage the development of shale gas exploration and development incentives at the same time, the existing water, soil, environmental and other laws and regulations as well as oil and gas exploration technology policy be revised to improve the environmental baseline, increase the public and opinion participation and supervision.
4) assess the appropriate treatment method selected disposal a large number of polluting substances containing recycled water drilling. The exploitation of shale gas requires a lot of water resources, the introduction of advanced mining technology in China at the same time, but also to draw attention to the concept of advanced water management and environmental protection technology, to avoid waste of water resources, pollution and depletion, to avoid (village) degradation of watersheds and rivers.
Since the amount of freshwater resources per capita in China is only 2,100 cubic meters, only 28% of the world's average, even lower than the per capita arable land accounted for 12 percent; petroleum and natural gas can also use other energy alternatives, while drinking fresh water resources are also no other alternative.
Shale gas development in mainland China's basic national conditions necessary attention to this, water conservation, sustainable use of water, be possible to develop shale gas.
Shale gas will not affect underground drinking water safety
Technical difficulties shale gas breakthrough after, not completely non-existent risks. Internationally, the U.S. shale gas development for the earliest and most experienced. But in the commercial exploitation bring great benefits, but also some people believe that the Hydraulic fracturing hydraulic fracturing through the wells into the rock fracturing, resulting in high conductivity fracture channel, and then injected into the Proppant (mainly frac sand shore cracks, this process will not cause fracturing fluid chemicals in groundwater and shale gas mixed with it
Most hydraulic fracturing is much deeper than the aquifer (several kilometers) of rock carried out, and the design of multiple oil and gas wells to drinking water and protective measures to isolate the area of oil and gas production, shale oil and gas exploration does not affect the safety of drinking water to the underground.
U.S. shale gas development in the practice of the problems, but also for China's shale gas such latecomer countries provided can learn from. Currently the United States has for the control of environmental pollution caused by shale gas promulgated regulations, believe that if there is a reasonable regulatory regime, with the concomitant occurrence of shale gas development environmental risks can be controlled.
According to the China University of Geosciences Professor Professor Hou Dujie introduction, generally a shale gas well fracturing water required 10,000 m3, and about 35% of fracturing fluids and formation water will flow back to the ground, so the improper disposal of flowback also contaminate surface water. These are usually two flowback more environmentally approach: recycled or discharged after treatment.
Factory jobs shale gas
Large-scale application of horizontal well technology, and promote the development of the large U.S. shale gas development. Among them, the factory drilling and completion practices to promote the application in the development of shale gas plays a cost reduction, speed, efficiency and yield of an important role.
Factory drilling and completion operations are concentrated in the same area means arranged a large number of similar wells, using a large number of standardized equipment or services to the production or assembly line jobs ways drilling and completion of an efficient low-cost mode of operation. This model integrates fast-moving rig, pipelined synchronous well construction procedures, etc., can be remotely controlled, multi-coordinated operations, to achieve real-time multi-well site operations management. Factory drilling and completion breaking the previous drilling - Completion - back row - production model, the implementation of the order, sub-batch mode of operation, through two rigs drilling collaboration to achieve volume. One rig in order to complete the well sites have the same surface hole section well drilling and cementing operations, another fast-moving drill wells in order to complete the remaining sections of the well drilling and cementing operations, and so on, until all wells all operations. This mode of operation eliminates the need for a large number of cement WOC time and log time, improve drilling efficiency and reduce total operating costs.
Factory mode of operation drilling and completion operations are a major breakthrough, has been extended to shale gas and other Unconventional gas resources development. Meanwhile, with the development of unconventional oil and gas activities in the gradual global warming, industrial drilling and completion will be promoted on a global scale applications.
New technology has made important progress fracturing
New technology has made important progress fracturing
To accelerate the development of Unconventional gas resources, through the development and promotion of scientific and technological personnel fracturing application of new technology, greatly improved fracturing scope to improve oil and gas production, reduce the cost of fracturing has made important progress in unconventional oil and gas resources to promote the rapid development.
LPG waterless fracturing technology to solve unconventional resources such as shale gas development water problem. Application of scientific and technological personnel propane mixture instead of water for fracturing operations, the propane compressed to a gel state, together with Proppant pressed into rock crevices, ultimate recovery can be increased from 20 to 30 percent, with an average per well of water fracturing omitted 3 million to 12 million gallons. Nanoscale biodegradable fracturing ball technology can reduce the cost of multi-stage fracturing. In-Tallic nanoscale biodegradable fracturing ball proportion of small, high intensity, can be in the well with fluid migration, when you open the sleeve can withstand multiple factors, when completed, can have its mission degradation automatically disappear, reducing the number of operations, saving production costs. Efficiency focus formation fracturing technology and environmental win-win model, multiple cluster wells synchronization, can greatly improve operational efficiency, reduce fracturing equipment transfer and vacancy period, reducing the wellsite footprint, lower operating costs .
Fracturing significant progress in new technology to solve unconventional gas resources development is difficult to develop high cost problems. In the near future, is expected to form in the emerging global unconventional oil and gas resources as the central gathering place for the new energy landscape.
To accelerate the development of Unconventional gas resources, through the development and promotion of scientific and technological personnel fracturing application of new technology, greatly improved fracturing scope to improve oil and gas production, reduce the cost of fracturing has made important progress in unconventional oil and gas resources to promote the rapid development.
LPG waterless fracturing technology to solve unconventional resources such as shale gas development water problem. Application of scientific and technological personnel propane mixture instead of water for fracturing operations, the propane compressed to a gel state, together with Proppant pressed into rock crevices, ultimate recovery can be increased from 20 to 30 percent, with an average per well of water fracturing omitted 3 million to 12 million gallons. Nanoscale biodegradable fracturing ball technology can reduce the cost of multi-stage fracturing. In-Tallic nanoscale biodegradable fracturing ball proportion of small, high intensity, can be in the well with fluid migration, when you open the sleeve can withstand multiple factors, when completed, can have its mission degradation automatically disappear, reducing the number of operations, saving production costs. Efficiency focus formation fracturing technology and environmental win-win model, multiple cluster wells synchronization, can greatly improve operational efficiency, reduce fracturing equipment transfer and vacancy period, reducing the wellsite footprint, lower operating costs .
Fracturing significant progress in new technology to solve unconventional gas resources development is difficult to develop high cost problems. In the near future, is expected to form in the emerging global unconventional oil and gas resources as the central gathering place for the new energy landscape.
Spatial distribution of unconventional oil and gas resources exploration risk prediction technology effectively circumvent
Spatial distribution of Unconventional gas resources exploration risk prediction technology effectively circumvent
Unconventional oil and gas resources in the spatial distribution predicted rapid technological development in the shale gas and combustible ice prediction and evaluation of unconventional oil and gas resources play an important role in effectively circumvent the exploration risk.
Recently, pure random simulation method and the density of the grid resource prediction method such as five kinds evaluation of new methods have been introduced to meet the different needs of resource evaluation. Refinement of pure random simulation method to evaluate regional and evaluation process for the drilling area and undrilled area to take a different evaluation methods, mathematical modeling and evaluation procedures exist to make up for the lack of traditional analog method to enhance the evaluation process more scientific and evaluation of the reliability of results, greatly improving the unconventional oil and gas resources abundance and spatial distribution of prediction accuracy. Grid resource density prediction method for continuous gas zone and the introduction of a resource evaluation of new methods to solve the traditional analogy method does not take into account different evaluation units ultimately recoverable reserves of spatial relationships and other aspects of the problem, you can effectively evaluate very conventional oil and gas resource potential, predict the spatial distribution of oil and gas resources.
New approach in the U.S. Uinta Basin and the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin oil and gas fields and other dense practical applications, and achieved good results. Unconventional oil and gas resources in the world's energy landscape is changing under the new situation, the spatial distribution of oil and gas resources prediction technology is expected in unconventional gas resource evaluation play an increasingly prominent role in the implementation of unconventional oil and gas resource potential and formulate the future strategic development plan has important significance.
Optimistic about the value of new technologies in North America fracturing
Oil and gas exploration and development in North America, has been repeatedly emphasized completion techniques may be a double-edged sword. The end of the century, with the shale gas exploration and development industry throughout North America spread lies its greatest progress shale gas development scale development strategy. It can be said, is ultimately the production of shale gas wells by extending and increasing Hydraulic fracturing technology and equipment to achieve segmentation.
Oil and gas exploration and development in North America, has been repeatedly emphasized completion techniques may be a double-edged sword. The end of the century, with the shale gas exploration and development industry throughout North America spread lies its greatest progress shale gas development scale development strategy. It can be said, is ultimately the production of shale gas wells by extending and increasing fracturing technology and equipment to achieve segmentation.
Therefore, the shale gas exploration and development equipment demand will rise trend, given its importance, so far, equipment suppliers shale gas revolution has been the main beneficiaries. However, with the standardization of equipment utilization and pricing, value creation gradually shift new technologies.
Proppant technology ignited new hope
The new technique involves super lightweight
Proppant proppant and water weight polymers, super lightweight proppant settling rate is much slower than the sand and ceramics, which to some extent reduces the required volume of water, while some offset by higher unit costs.
Method is a very meaningful alternative to the solution to promote adhesion of microbubbles sediment, like ultra-lightweight proppant as easily portable, which reduces the amount of traditional job requirements, but also improve the well productivity, the main is due to improved connectivity.
A different strategy is the channel fracturing proppant Fiber can be used for coagulation proppant pillar structure and the formation of poly block channels to promote traffic and prevent the scattering of the pumping process.
For the North American onshore Unconventional gas services sector, the main driver of value creation may turn to technology to improve operational efficiency and production integration. In fact, the technology has the potential to improve the mechanical efficiency of the equipment through improved standardization and standardization of equipment.
Method is a very meaningful alternative to the solution to promote adhesion of microbubbles sediment, like ultra-lightweight proppant as easily portable, which reduces the amount of traditional job requirements, but also improve the well productivity, the main is due to improved connectivity.
A different strategy is the channel fracturing proppant Fiber can be used for coagulation proppant pillar structure and the formation of poly block channels to promote traffic and prevent the scattering of the pumping process.
For the North American onshore Unconventional gas services sector, the main driver of value creation may turn to technology to improve operational efficiency and production integration. In fact, the technology has the potential to improve the mechanical efficiency of the equipment through improved standardization and standardization of equipment.
Proppant backflow nemesis --- Consolidation proppant can ask
Produced after
Hydraulic fracturing proppant reflux can cause serious production problems, increased security risks and greatly reduced cost. For this problem, the Dagang Oilfield downhole drilling hospital research studies that may have been fully completed consolidation proppant indoor studies, the product has come out with good performance.
Prevent backflow of proppant There are many ways in which the resin-coated proppant is a more common approach. The proppant in a foreign country in the late 1970s, and was successfully put into application, received extensive attention, after decades of development, has reached a higher level. Domestic control proppant backflow in its infancy, Dagang drilling hospital aim at the world forefront of technology, can begin developing pre-mixed, safe storage, simplifying the construction process and the good performance and compatibility with the fracturing fluid can be consolidated proppant.
Developed by the drilling hospital Proppant proppant and general appearance is no different, to meet all common proppant performance requirements. It is the common difference between the proppant, it can maintain high temperatures in the formation conductivity in the case of consolidation together, sealing the seam to prevent proppant reflux. Compared with common proppant, the ceramic proppant has the following properties: ① has a better crush resistance, corrosion resistance, wherein the etching rate of only tenths of a percentage point; ② cured fracturing fluid environment of high flow resistance properties of proppants up to 11 cm / sec; ③ closure pressure of 50 MPa, may consolidation proppant conductivity of 117 square microns · cm.
The successful application of the product will reduce the sand buried reservoir and pump stuck and other production problems and improve the fracturing effect, extend the validity of fracturing operations, reduce security risks, the effective protection of the reservoir.
Prevent backflow of proppant There are many ways in which the resin-coated proppant is a more common approach. The proppant in a foreign country in the late 1970s, and was successfully put into application, received extensive attention, after decades of development, has reached a higher level. Domestic control proppant backflow in its infancy, Dagang drilling hospital aim at the world forefront of technology, can begin developing pre-mixed, safe storage, simplifying the construction process and the good performance and compatibility with the fracturing fluid can be consolidated proppant.
Developed by the drilling hospital Proppant proppant and general appearance is no different, to meet all common proppant performance requirements. It is the common difference between the proppant, it can maintain high temperatures in the formation conductivity in the case of consolidation together, sealing the seam to prevent proppant reflux. Compared with common proppant, the ceramic proppant has the following properties: ① has a better crush resistance, corrosion resistance, wherein the etching rate of only tenths of a percentage point; ② cured fracturing fluid environment of high flow resistance properties of proppants up to 11 cm / sec; ③ closure pressure of 50 MPa, may consolidation proppant conductivity of 117 square microns · cm.
The successful application of the product will reduce the sand buried reservoir and pump stuck and other production problems and improve the fracturing effect, extend the validity of fracturing operations, reduce security risks, the effective protection of the reservoir.
2013年7月27日星期六
Valiant proppant to pace towards greater stage
Valiant proppant to pace towards greater stage
Our country is the largest producer of ceramic sand, sixty percent of the world production base in China. Supply and should always be opposed, with ceramic sand growing market, the rapid development associated with ceramic sand core production technology and equipment research and development will be the focus of attention in many industries.
GeIL Ceramic Proppant production equipment, ceramic sand production line equipment, drawing on several domestic exports of ceramic equipment used by a unit on the basis of process equipment, and Henan numerous key national institutions and laboratories collaborate, through the production line equipment, structure, configuration, operation, testing and other aspects of the further improvement and optimization of the ceramic sand equipment, ceramic sand production line, oil fracturing proppant Ceramic proppant production equipment in quality, production, operating costs, etc. have improved .
When working in deep oil and gas, high deposit after closing low permeability fracturing treatment, the oil and gas formations open, oil and gas from the cracks in the channel aggregation out. Alumina support with a solution along with the high pressure into the formation to fully fill the cracks in the rock, cracks will play a supporting role as force release closure, but also to maintain a high conductivity, so that oil and gas smoothly, increase oil and gas production. You can also extend the service life of oil and gas underground, quality meets state standards.
With the increasing demand for petroleum, oil and gas also increased the difficulty of exploitation, domestic demand for petroleum fracturing proppant is also increasing.
Our country is the largest producer of ceramic sand, sixty percent of the world production base in China. Supply and should always be opposed, with ceramic sand growing market, the rapid development associated with ceramic sand core production technology and equipment research and development will be the focus of attention in many industries.
GeIL Ceramic Proppant production equipment, ceramic sand production line equipment, drawing on several domestic exports of ceramic equipment used by a unit on the basis of process equipment, and Henan numerous key national institutions and laboratories collaborate, through the production line equipment, structure, configuration, operation, testing and other aspects of the further improvement and optimization of the ceramic sand equipment, ceramic sand production line, oil fracturing proppant Ceramic proppant production equipment in quality, production, operating costs, etc. have improved .
When working in deep oil and gas, high deposit after closing low permeability fracturing treatment, the oil and gas formations open, oil and gas from the cracks in the channel aggregation out. Alumina support with a solution along with the high pressure into the formation to fully fill the cracks in the rock, cracks will play a supporting role as force release closure, but also to maintain a high conductivity, so that oil and gas smoothly, increase oil and gas production. You can also extend the service life of oil and gas underground, quality meets state standards.
With the increasing demand for petroleum, oil and gas also increased the difficulty of exploitation, domestic demand for petroleum fracturing proppant is also increasing.
Petroleum proppant has never stopped the pace of R & D
Petroleum proppant has never stopped the pace of R & D
To ask what the world's most competitive economy, the answer is none other than the non-energy. Energy extraction about people's livelihood, minerals, petroleum and so in control of the country's economic lifeline, the exploitation of oil in recent years, with more intensified competition for oil proppant is the main target of current concern, the development of oil ceramic proppant never stopped pace, which is the exploitation of oil has a vital role.
As technology continues to improve the level of human solid waste generated has also increased, a large pile of solid waste posing a great threat for the survival of the environment. Solid waste generally refers to human beings in the production, processing, distribution, consumption and lifestyle destination accessible ingredients such processes discarded after solids and mud-like substance. According to management needs can be divided into three categories: namely, industrial solid waste, toxic and hazardous solid waste and municipal waste. Storage of these wastes not only take up a lot of land, and the resulting solid dust piled on the environment caused great harm. Comprehensive utilization of solid waste on the current development of China's circular economy has an important significance. For the preparation of oil frac proppant industrial waste refers to a higher content of alumina, silica and other useful components of industrial solid wastes such as red mud, fly ash, ceramic roller production wastes. Preparation of the adoption of these solid waste oil fracturing proppant that can be salvaged, but also protect the environment, the development of oil fracturing proppant in one direction.
Petroleum proppant swagger by the wind of the potential development
Oil, natural gas has been the highlight of the domestic energy exploration, oil is the dominant world economy into an important energy source, by States of their degree of concern over the years has been high. High quality ceramic sand for oil wells are immeasurable economic value, with important economic role in the use of petroleum fracturing proppant can be changed to maximize energy extraction rate.
At home and abroad, 90% of the oil fields are used ceramic sand equipment produced ceramic sand as oil ceramic sand, oil and gas wells after fracturing after its yield and production dynamically depending on fracture conductivity, fracture conductivity ability to fracture conductivity fluid reservoir capacity to fracturing ceramic sand permeability and fracture bracing slit width to represent the product, so the ceramic sand types, physical properties and their influence on the distribution of crack fracture conductivity is an important factor. Ceramic sand have sufficient compressive strength and wear resistance capacity can withstand the strong injection pressure and friction, and effectively support the artificial cracks. Ceramic sand particles is relatively lower density, ease of pumped underground. Ceramic sand oil for domestic ceramic performance, composition and microstructure of the comparative study show that the performance of ceramic sand depends on its chemical composition and microstructure, therefore, selection of raw materials and improve the powder processing technology can effectively improve the Tao the quality of the sand grains.
Economically developed countries in the world are all in control of a large number of oil resources, oil is also highly concerned about the production of the petroleum ceramic proppant bring broad prospects for development, technology research is every moment affects everyone's heart.
Oil fracturing proppant in the field to guide the country into the international market
Oil fracturing proppant in the field to guide the country into the international market
Currently used mainly Ceramic proppant bauxite ceramic sand and resin-coated composite particles. Since quartz sand, low cost, low density easy while pumping have been widely used, but the low end strong quartz sand, the ball is poor, reducing fracture conductivity, does not apply to closed high pressure deep well. Composite resin coated quartz sand particles sphericity has improved corrosion resistance strong, conductivity is also good, but the product retention period is short, the cost is too high, the cost of promoting the supremacy of today is not easy, and the use of bauxite ceramic craft ceramic proppant, high density, sphericity, corrosion resistance, high temperature, high pressure, while costs can be better controlled, thus being more and more widely used in oil and gas fields.
Ceramic sand has a high fracture strength, mainly used for oil well supported in order to increase oil and gas production, an environmentally friendly product. This item is the use of high-quality bauxite, coal and other raw materials, sintered ceramics, natural silica sand, glass beads, metal balls, low intensity proppant substitute for oil and gas production with good results. Proppant have sufficient compressive strength and wear resistance, can withstand the strong injection pressure and friction, and effectively support the artificial cracks. Proppant particles of relatively lower density, pumped downhole easy.
Oil and gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. Also extend the service life of oil and gas wells.
Deep mining in the oil and gas, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed together out of the fluid injected into the rock grass at this time need to exceed the formation fracture intensity of pressure on the rock around the wellbore cracks, forming a channel with high flow capacity, in order to maintain open after fracturing the formation of cracks, oil products can smoothly pass. Petroleum proppant into the formation along with high-pressure solution filled in the cracks in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production.
Practice has proved that using ceramic proppant fracturing of oil wells can increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells, oil and natural gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration, construction of key materials, not only can increase oil and gas production, And more extended service life of oil and gas wells. Ceramic proppant is the main raw material bauxite, fracturing proppant its good ability to support, and gradually replace the conventional proppant sand, into the U.S. market.
Petroleum proppant find a breakthrough for the development of new resources
Oil frac proppant Currently most used clay binder with its incorporation of clay different quality and fineness of fly ash is generally about 10 to 17% of the individual reaches 20%. Oil fracturing proppant is determined according to the plasticity of fly ash. Good plasticity such as fly ash can be used or not as bad plastic ash can also use another multi varieties binder binder good about viscoplastic less Conversely, the more can be used.
Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand equipment operating pipeline transportation as alumina or other abrasive materials easily at extremely easy frayed at the elbow caused by leakage of material. Therefore, it is necessary to place the elbow reinforcement reinforcing the lower position is at the elbow. Ceramic sand do so primarily to prevent air from escaping when away material, but also in the warehouse roof design baghouse This allows air to escape when the material can not be taken away. And be sure to regularly check the bag if there is damage but also timely replacement.
Proppant a fluxing action, a certain amount of clay which can reduce the sintering temperature of Fe2O3 has a certain effect solubilization. Another clay ash sintering temperature lower than the overall decrease after adding clay sintering temperature. Some binders fluxing action stronger than clay. The raw materials can be used for binders are many. In addition to clay binders commonly used but also have shale, coal gangue, pulp waste, bentonite, etc. but the most used is clay.
Petroleum Ceramic proppant primary role of binder thickening, when larger particles of fly ash fineness not meet the technical requirements molding is difficult to diverge Pelletizing ball after raw intensity difference, fragile transport during the sintering process the breakage rate is higher. When fly ash was still very small when the damage is very high. Solve this problem you need to add clay thickening agent to improve the plasticity of fly ash in order to facilitate forming granulation improve yield.
Oil frac proppant Currently most used clay binder with its incorporation of clay different quality and fineness of fly ash is generally about 10 to 17% of the individual reaches 20%. Oil fracturing proppant is determined according to the plasticity of fly ash. Good plasticity such as fly ash can be used or not as bad plastic ash can also use another multi varieties binder binder good about viscoplastic less Conversely, the more can be used.
Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand equipment operating pipeline transportation as alumina or other abrasive materials easily at extremely easy frayed at the elbow caused by leakage of material. Therefore, it is necessary to place the elbow reinforcement reinforcing the lower position is at the elbow. Ceramic sand do so primarily to prevent air from escaping when away material, but also in the warehouse roof design baghouse This allows air to escape when the material can not be taken away. And be sure to regularly check the bag if there is damage but also timely replacement.
Proppant a fluxing action, a certain amount of clay which can reduce the sintering temperature of Fe2O3 has a certain effect solubilization. Another clay ash sintering temperature lower than the overall decrease after adding clay sintering temperature. Some binders fluxing action stronger than clay. The raw materials can be used for binders are many. In addition to clay binders commonly used but also have shale, coal gangue, pulp waste, bentonite, etc. but the most used is clay.
Petroleum Ceramic proppant primary role of binder thickening, when larger particles of fly ash fineness not meet the technical requirements molding is difficult to diverge Pelletizing ball after raw intensity difference, fragile transport during the sintering process the breakage rate is higher. When fly ash was still very small when the damage is very high. Solve this problem you need to add clay thickening agent to improve the plasticity of fly ash in order to facilitate forming granulation improve yield.
Petroleum proppant production line repeatedly break new records for energy exploitation
Petroleum proppant production line repeatedly break new records for energy exploitation
Oil has always been an important energy source required for industrial development because of its non-renewable characteristics, has become one of the world's most talked about energy. With the development of the country's oil demand is also skyrocketed, increasing exploration efforts at this stage to be the most important issue facing the oil Proppant production line of the greatest value is to be able to maximize on the existing basis to achieve an efficient exploitation of oil .
Conventional oil Fracturing proppant production process is a high-energy, high-intensity, high-polluting and labor-intensive production processes. Over the years, a lot of work state and the majority of enterprises are trying to change this situation. Petroleum ceramic proppant production line automation control equipment, instrumentation and automation systems integration to provide automated high-tech equipment. Our many years of experience in automation ceramic sand, the plot draws from the design of the latest and most
advanced ceramic sand automated production lines. This design is provided by the Owner pellet plant with raw material storage infrastructure plan and space inside the building
height requirements based on product design and production processes, process layout, production equipment, control systems, and provide the appropriate oil fracturing proppant
devices. Degree of national demand for oil is growing, this time it is oil proppant production line to expand their effective period.
In this era of energy increasingly poor, efficient mining processing is to explore the world in different main directions, with minimal effort to create the highest value.
Petroleum proppant production line for oil extraction is to increase efficiency and enhance state-owned oil storage capacity for the country to fight for more and better oil
storage.
Petroleum proppant to refresh the new record popular north and south
Petroleum proppant to refresh the new record popular north and south
Nervous energy is generally faced with the reality of the modern world's problems, and efficient exploitation of whom each country is important to explore the direction of China's oil storage capacity at this stage surveying small, this requires technical support in this regard. The advent of oil ceramic proppant whole good offer help, not only for the production of raw materials requirement is not high, will also be environmentally friendly, with integration of the non-renewable energy sources for the oil to improve mining efficiency.
As technology continues to improve the level of human solid waste generated has also increased, a large pile of solid waste posing a great threat for the survival of the environment. Solid waste generally refers to human beings in the production, processing, distribution, consumption and lifestyle destination accessible ingredients such processes discarded after solids and mud-like substance. According to management needs can be divided into three categories: namely, industrial solid waste, toxic and hazardous solid waste and municipal waste. Storage of these wastes not only take up a lot of land, and the resulting solid dust piled on the environment caused great harm. Comprehensive utilization of solid waste on the current development of China's circular economy has an important significance. For the preparation of oil fracturing Proppant industrial waste refers to a higher content of alumina, silica and other useful components of industrial solid wastes such as red mud, fly ash, ceramic roller production wastes. Preparation of the adoption of these solid waste oil fracturing proppant that can be salvaged, but also protect the environment, the development of oil fracturing proppant in one direction.
Both to ensure production quality, and maintaining ecological balance, petroleum fracturing proppant is in its own way to create the myth of today, it is the crystallization of relying on science and technology will be the perfect combination of the two concepts, as domestic oil storage great plan to make the most powerful protection for the country's industrial development to provide energy support.
Nervous energy is generally faced with the reality of the modern world's problems, and efficient exploitation of whom each country is important to explore the direction of China's oil storage capacity at this stage surveying small, this requires technical support in this regard. The advent of oil ceramic proppant whole good offer help, not only for the production of raw materials requirement is not high, will also be environmentally friendly, with integration of the non-renewable energy sources for the oil to improve mining efficiency.
As technology continues to improve the level of human solid waste generated has also increased, a large pile of solid waste posing a great threat for the survival of the environment. Solid waste generally refers to human beings in the production, processing, distribution, consumption and lifestyle destination accessible ingredients such processes discarded after solids and mud-like substance. According to management needs can be divided into three categories: namely, industrial solid waste, toxic and hazardous solid waste and municipal waste. Storage of these wastes not only take up a lot of land, and the resulting solid dust piled on the environment caused great harm. Comprehensive utilization of solid waste on the current development of China's circular economy has an important significance. For the preparation of oil fracturing Proppant industrial waste refers to a higher content of alumina, silica and other useful components of industrial solid wastes such as red mud, fly ash, ceramic roller production wastes. Preparation of the adoption of these solid waste oil fracturing proppant that can be salvaged, but also protect the environment, the development of oil fracturing proppant in one direction.
Both to ensure production quality, and maintaining ecological balance, petroleum fracturing proppant is in its own way to create the myth of today, it is the crystallization of relying on science and technology will be the perfect combination of the two concepts, as domestic oil storage great plan to make the most powerful protection for the country's industrial development to provide energy support.
2013年7月26日星期五
2013年7月25日星期四
Conditions of proppant and post-construction safety management
Proppant in oil production, the formation fluid Another serious problem is the reaction of oil and acid, to remove residual oil phase can increase the effectiveness of the acid system. Some oil, particularly black or heavy oil and acid reaction to form acid residue (precipitated asphalt), either to form a stable emulsion. Petroleum proppant on clothes, skin corrosion are strong, with liquid, construction must pay attention to safety.
1, in strict accordance with the design for construction. Acidizing is good or bad, is directly related to the acid after the effect. Therefore, we must ensure the quality of construction. Pump pressure for matrix acidizing, formation fracture pressure must not exceed at any time to observe the construction of the pump pressure, ranked the most changes.
2, the construction team on well after check carefully before construction is complete wellhead valves, screws are tight, to be qualified to carry out the construction wellhead. First, for the construction of the wellhead, pipeline pressure test, no leakage AIDS only when the acid injection wells.
3, when the acid capacity, new technology well acidizing, to prepare the production command vehicle, ambulance wells.
4, the construction management of late: after acidizing or bad management of oil and gas wells, related to the effect of acidizing. After acidizing oil and gas wells shut according to design requirements, the timely open wells. In the production process of oil and gas wells to seriously record oil, casing pressure, oil and gas daily production data, timed test wells fluid level and so on. Acidizing and press with a smooth water injection, the injection speed can not be too large, otherwise easily lead to the formation speed-sensitive, affecting acidification effects, inject water to water quality standard character sets, this plug injection wells strata, acidified fail.
5, the preparation of ceramic proppant to the attention of Wear protective clothing, bold but cautious, there is someone responsible for directing with liquid, and advance the good lotion, once splashed acid in the body, the face must be promptly wash thin, rinse , severe promptly sent to hospital for treatment.
6, with a good oil fracturing proppant placed after the ferry to check acid tanker valves, liquid inlet cover are tight, there can drip, drain phenomenon. Vehicle shall be marked with hazard markers, transported to the wellsite crevices pay attention to safety.
1, in strict accordance with the design for construction. Acidizing is good or bad, is directly related to the acid after the effect. Therefore, we must ensure the quality of construction. Pump pressure for matrix acidizing, formation fracture pressure must not exceed at any time to observe the construction of the pump pressure, ranked the most changes.
2, the construction team on well after check carefully before construction is complete wellhead valves, screws are tight, to be qualified to carry out the construction wellhead. First, for the construction of the wellhead, pipeline pressure test, no leakage AIDS only when the acid injection wells.
3, when the acid capacity, new technology well acidizing, to prepare the production command vehicle, ambulance wells.
4, the construction management of late: after acidizing or bad management of oil and gas wells, related to the effect of acidizing. After acidizing oil and gas wells shut according to design requirements, the timely open wells. In the production process of oil and gas wells to seriously record oil, casing pressure, oil and gas daily production data, timed test wells fluid level and so on. Acidizing and press with a smooth water injection, the injection speed can not be too large, otherwise easily lead to the formation speed-sensitive, affecting acidification effects, inject water to water quality standard character sets, this plug injection wells strata, acidified fail.
5, the preparation of ceramic proppant to the attention of Wear protective clothing, bold but cautious, there is someone responsible for directing with liquid, and advance the good lotion, once splashed acid in the body, the face must be promptly wash thin, rinse , severe promptly sent to hospital for treatment.
6, with a good oil fracturing proppant placed after the ferry to check acid tanker valves, liquid inlet cover are tight, there can drip, drain phenomenon. Vehicle shall be marked with hazard markers, transported to the wellsite crevices pay attention to safety.
High-grade petroleum proppant demand year after year, the situation is excellent
Since China Ceramic proppant in both low-intensity products, and the high strength products in the past for a long period of time mainly relied on imports products. As China's high-strength ceramic proppant production technology successfully developed and industrialized application, to break the foreign monopoly of the products, our ceramic proppant sand petroleum product imports began to fall, but also by domestic economic impact of the slowdown in domestic demand is relatively relaxed than in previous years.
In the oil fracturing proppant (ceramic sand) additives and fracturing fluid system development process towel, fracturing fluid properties of surface features typically used to identify a new complex with respect to whether the existing system performance has improved, or whether it can offer a cheaper price for the same performance. Petroleum Proppant fracturing fluid system additives and surface features have the following purposes:
1, in the pre-construction and construction stage fracturing ask qualitative vignette control.
2, fracturing fluid additives and fracturing fluid system development.
3, to get the fracturing design requires the use of the simulator input parameters.
As the world financial policies to further support the global economy pick up signs, coupled with China's domestic financial policies favorable factors brought roots, our ceramic proppant products exports rebounded. China's economic embarrassment by the state policy of stimulating domestic demand eased, the market is increasingly active, the domestic demand for high-grade ceramic products support growth.
High-strength ceramic proppant project investment problems often encountered
High strength Ceramic proppant manufacturing method. It is 100 parts by weight of calcined alumina base material, add the following materials, clay, 2 to 15 parts, lanthanide metal oxides 1 to 10 parts, 0.3 to 3 parts of manganese dioxide, magnesium oxide, 0.1 to 3 parts; group , accessories were ground into fine powder after mixing, then add water into the ball after release mechanism into pellets, and then into the furnace at sintering temperature 1100 ~ 1500 ℃, sintering time from 0.5 to 5 hours, firing finished. The present invention manufactured products reached a compressive strength of 69MPa or more, Finished broken rate ≤ 10%, closing at 60MPa pressure diversion capacity of 54.8 microns 2 cm. Having finished high compressive strength, good sphericity, simple process and low production cost. Can be used for the production of ceramic Proppant .
Oil and gas wells has been mined, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Ceramic proppant material along with high-pressure solution into cracks in the rock formations filled, play propped fracture is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production.
At present, many people interested in the production of ceramic proppant nvestment, we analyze the following investments in ceramic sand production line projects often encounter.
1, technology risk: Currently, the company's technology provider technology has been successfully applied to several companies, equipment has been finalized, production technology has been validated, the project products have been widely used in many overseas oil exploration projects, to good effect, indicates that the project technical risk period has expired. Therefore, the implementation of the project technical risks that may arise is small, it is still necessary to take various measures to further resolve the possible risks.
Solution: First, the establishment of a suitable business development talent incentive mechanism; Second, the existing team-based, inviting the Magi, and constantly enhance the company's R & D strength; Third, make full use of universities, research institutes resources to strengthen horizontal cooperation continuous technological innovation.
2, operational risk: Currently, domestic and international oil fracturing proppant market supply gaps and applications continues to expand, its supply and demand contradiction exists, although nearly 2 to 3 years Product price fluctuations, but the market demand will not be ups and downs, recent investment risk. Because of this factor, the existing corporate and investment groups have set up factories and expansion, adding oil fracturing proppant production. But with the expansion of production scale, market oversupply, the firm has existed operational risks, the project will also encounter this risk.
Solution: First, make full use of the role of intellectual property protection for the enterprise; second is to increase R & D investment in enhanced oil fracturing proppant production efficiency and product quality at the same time, strengthen the application of technology to improve other enterprises to enter the industry, technological threshold ; Third, pay close attention to changes in the state's macroeconomic policies, and to strengthen research related industries, to grasp the latest policy changes and industry trends, as soon as possible countermeasures, while strengthening R & D and innovation, to make our products to meet market demand, as far as possible policies to minimize the risk and maintain the company's sustained and stable development.
3, management risk: After project implementation, the company needs a lot of support for all kinds of professionals, the company mainly through its own training-based, supplemented by external recruitment methods to ensure the development of necessary expertise.
Solution: First, the company will take the incentive mechanism, strengthen internal management, improve the overall quality of workers and business service levels; Second, the company will increase investment in human resources, strengthen talent introduction and training, ahead of the reserves, scientific and rational allocation of human resources.
4, the financial risks: The project investment of XXXX million, of which is mainly used for equipment acquisition. Project's main source of financing for the self-financing and bank loans, in the sense that there is liquidity risk.
Solution: First, in order to reduce price volatility equipment, the purchase of equipment according to the factory price settlement, all costs to avoid fluctuations; two is to reduce the interest on loans, short-term loans taken to resolve; third is to actively seek financial support from government; four on the scale as soon as possible, increase market share, reduce production costs, enhance ability to resist risks.
5, the risk analysis conclusion: The project produces oil fracturing proppant as the market is large, a larger gap in the market at home and abroad in recent 3-5 year period, with less risk. But the industry is relatively low technical threshold, as oil fracturing proppant applications market continues to expand, new enterprises will inevitably lead to increased competition in the field will increase the risk, for which we must accelerate the pace of construction of the project as soon as possible to seize the domestic and foreign market share in order to effectively reduce investment risks.
General, high-performance Frac sand advantages and disadvantages
High-performance
Frac sand is the use of suitable raw materials, a special processing technology, has produced a different density levels, high strength, low porosity, low water absorption of the artificial lightweight aggregate. This lightweight aggregate some performance similar to ordinary dense aggregates, compared with ordinary light aggregate performance is more superior.
General, high-performance Frac sand advantages and disadvantages:
1, the general performance of ceramic frac sand is relative to the general performance in terms of high performance frac sand. Its strength is lower than the high-performance frac sand. Slightly higher porosity, water absorption is also high. But its overall performance is still better than ordinary aggregates.
2, high-performance frac sand High performance frac sand is a high strength, low water absorption, low density frac sand firing or unburned. Lightweight aggregate resource-rich variety. It has natural lightweight aggregates, solid waste lightweight aggregate and artificial lightweight aggregate of the points. According to their formation conditions and properties opinion, can be used to formulate high performance concrete is only processed by a special high-performance ceramic. Foreign general called high performance lightweight aggregate, in our country can be called high-strength ceramic.
General, high-performance Frac sand advantages and disadvantages:
1, the general performance of ceramic frac sand is relative to the general performance in terms of high performance frac sand. Its strength is lower than the high-performance frac sand. Slightly higher porosity, water absorption is also high. But its overall performance is still better than ordinary aggregates.
2, high-performance frac sand High performance frac sand is a high strength, low water absorption, low density frac sand firing or unburned. Lightweight aggregate resource-rich variety. It has natural lightweight aggregates, solid waste lightweight aggregate and artificial lightweight aggregate of the points. According to their formation conditions and properties opinion, can be used to formulate high performance concrete is only processed by a special high-performance ceramic. Foreign general called high performance lightweight aggregate, in our country can be called high-strength ceramic.
Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand lightweight aggregate an important member of the family
Oil
Fracturing proppant ceramic sand lightweight aggregate is the most important one family member, which is based on various types of clay, shale, slate, coal gangue, fly ash, shale, silt sludge and industrial solid waste as the main raw material, processed into tablets, roasting artificial lightweight aggregate. It can be formulated high strength ceramic concrete can be said as long as it can be used in place of ordinary concrete, mostly using ceramic concrete.
Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand walls can be prefabricated into various types of products and building components can also be used to fill, in-situ, sliding and other construction operations. The production of ceramic can effectively work in architecture, landscape, refractories, chemical and other industries. Fly ash, coal gangue, shale, etc. are ceramic sand production of raw materials. Ceramic sand production requires ceramic sand production line equipment, when in use, according to the actual needs of different types of ceramic preparation of different density and intensity level without sand large holes, all light and ultralight reinforced or prestressed concrete.
Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. At present, China mainly for petroleum ceramic proppant sand, demand is currently one of the largest varieties of ceramic sand, also called oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand. shale gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out.
Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand walls can be prefabricated into various types of products and building components can also be used to fill, in-situ, sliding and other construction operations. The production of ceramic can effectively work in architecture, landscape, refractories, chemical and other industries. Fly ash, coal gangue, shale, etc. are ceramic sand production of raw materials. Ceramic sand production requires ceramic sand production line equipment, when in use, according to the actual needs of different types of ceramic preparation of different density and intensity level without sand large holes, all light and ultralight reinforced or prestressed concrete.
Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. At present, China mainly for petroleum ceramic proppant sand, demand is currently one of the largest varieties of ceramic sand, also called oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand. shale gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out.
Ceramic floating control technology
Because mostly lower than the density of water,
Ceramic proppant， cement and other components, so that it can easily go up in pens and things, causing blocking and material stratification, segregation, poor homogeneity, pumping difficult. In the mixing, pumping float forming process occurs in varying degrees, especially in the more severe pre-forming. The control method has the following four:
1, in the bar and was added admixture: thickening agent can effectively improve the consistency of paste. Consistency higher its viscosity greater the resistance of ceramic floating, ceramic cutoff also difficult to float. Therefore, the slurry was added thickening chemical admixtures also very effective method. Thickening agent can be used CMS (carboxymethyl cellulose) and so on.
2, in the bar and was added fiber: fiber in the bar and stretch material can produce blocking effect and increase the role and use of floating, three roles overlay, which can produce good anti-floating effect. Therefore, the slurry can be stopped, and a certain amount of polypropylene fiber, vinylon fiber, adding an amount of 0.2 ~ 0.5kg/m3.
3, in the bar, and the incorporation of light mineral materials: ceramic slurry density and the closer, the more difficult ceramic floating. In vivo incorporation of light mineral pulp slurry density can be reduced to narrow the ceramic slurry density difference. Light mineral optional floating beads, pumice, diatomaceous earth, sepiolite, etc.; light mineral should be carefully, fineness should be finer than 100 mesh.
4, ceramic gradation, grain type continuous gradation of ceramic reduce float, so should be good ceramic proppant continuous gradation. In addition, the larger the particle size ceramic floating more serious, so the maximum size of not more than 20mm, small is good. Furthermore, the more sleek ceramic float more easily, so the requirements do not have too round ceramic shape too slippery and should be mixed with appropriate gravel-type ceramic, mitigate its float. There are stone type ceramic, and should be adopted. Very sleek ceramic strong contingent look good, but difficult to use, does not encourage the use.
1, in the bar and was added admixture: thickening agent can effectively improve the consistency of paste. Consistency higher its viscosity greater the resistance of ceramic floating, ceramic cutoff also difficult to float. Therefore, the slurry was added thickening chemical admixtures also very effective method. Thickening agent can be used CMS (carboxymethyl cellulose) and so on.
2, in the bar and was added fiber: fiber in the bar and stretch material can produce blocking effect and increase the role and use of floating, three roles overlay, which can produce good anti-floating effect. Therefore, the slurry can be stopped, and a certain amount of polypropylene fiber, vinylon fiber, adding an amount of 0.2 ~ 0.5kg/m3.
3, in the bar, and the incorporation of light mineral materials: ceramic slurry density and the closer, the more difficult ceramic floating. In vivo incorporation of light mineral pulp slurry density can be reduced to narrow the ceramic slurry density difference. Light mineral optional floating beads, pumice, diatomaceous earth, sepiolite, etc.; light mineral should be carefully, fineness should be finer than 100 mesh.
4, ceramic gradation, grain type continuous gradation of ceramic reduce float, so should be good ceramic proppant continuous gradation. In addition, the larger the particle size ceramic floating more serious, so the maximum size of not more than 20mm, small is good. Furthermore, the more sleek ceramic float more easily, so the requirements do not have too round ceramic shape too slippery and should be mixed with appropriate gravel-type ceramic, mitigate its float. There are stone type ceramic, and should be adopted. Very sleek ceramic strong contingent look good, but difficult to use, does not encourage the use.
Common market of the six types of petroleum proppant
Oil fracturing proppant is a ceramic particle product with high fracture strength, mainly used for oil well supported in order to increase oil and gas production, an environmentally friendly product. This item is the use of various raw materials such as high alumina, sintered ceramic, a natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls, low intensity proppant substitute for oil and gas production with good results. Oil and gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Ceramic proppant material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. Proppant production are about six types:
1 ultra low density proppant Coating: bulk density less than 1.20g.cm-3, depending on density of less than 2.0 g.cm-3, 69MPa broken rate is less than 3%.
2 soft bonded sand proppant: can effectively address the formation damage caused by the movement resin sand layer of sand caused the problem again.
3 antifriction type: Adding surface lubricants and special materials, the particle surface more smooth and eliminate static charge accumulation, thereby reducing wear and tear fracturing equipment and piping.
4 water blocking type: coated surface material properties change, the particle surface impede water flow through the ability to accelerate the fluid through. At atmospheric pressure and the water is not passed, the oil can pass; under pressure, impeding the passage of water, accelerating the oil through.
5 high permeability type: according to the gas adsorption characteristics, changing the particle surface coating performance, accelerating the gas passed.
6 sand types: temperature and under pressure to close the liquid adhesive curing in the formation. The product can be used both for Fracturing Fracturing sand and gravel pack sand.
Development of the oil industry and oil fracturing proppant poised relationship
Petroleum industry dates back to the fourth century or earlier, when the first oil well drilling is Chinese people, China's oil refining it is probably from the 10th century.
The modern history of oil starting in 1846, Canadians Abraham · Season Knysna invented a method to extract kerosene, and then later to seize oil fields occurred the battle of Stalingrad, to date, has been the development of the oil industry to unprecedented heights. With the development of society, the market demand for oil is also growing. Oil fracturing Proppant as essential oil extraction an additive and oil industry has been closely linked.
The use of high-quality bauxite as raw material, through our special grinding, pelleting and high temperature sintering, with high temperature, high pressure, high strength, conductivity, corrosion resistance and other characteristics, is the exploitation of oil fracturing proppant oil, natural gas construction fracturing rare good assistant.
Market demand for oil determines the future development of the oil industry poised, oil fracturing proppant as oil exploration right-hand man, is closely related with the development of the oil industry, are inseparable, oil frac proppant in recent years along with the development of oil development of the industry has taken a big step forward.
Oil fracturing proppant in the oil, natural gas use in the process of
Low permeability reservoirs efficient development of oil and gas fields at home and abroad has become a very important topics. Oil
fracturing proppant as oil, gas oil and gas wells in low permeability fracturing an important material, the effect is very obvious.
Oil fracturing proppant ceramic particles as a product with high fracture strength, mainly used for oil well supported in order to increase oil and gas production, an environmentally friendly product.
Oil fracturing proppant is made from high quality bauxite, and many other materials, sintered ceramic, a natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls, low intensity Proppant substitute for oil and gas production There are very good results. When deep mining oil and gas, high-low permeability deposits after closure pressure fracturing treatment, will rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the narrow passage formed by the cracks among the collection out. Oil fracturing proppant material with high-pressure solution into the formation along with filling in rock fissures among them, so that it can support the crack is closed not because of the role of stress release, and thus sustained high conductivity, so that oil and gas through smoothly, improve yields. And practice proved that the use of ceramic proppant fracturing of oil wells can not only increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the use of the service life of oil and gas wells.
Oil fracturing proppant fracturing used in deep excellence, has proved its worth. About this product research will also continue, as oil, natural gas, the rapid development will also bring its continuous development.
Oil fracturing proppant ceramic particles as a product with high fracture strength, mainly used for oil well supported in order to increase oil and gas production, an environmentally friendly product.
Oil fracturing proppant is made from high quality bauxite, and many other materials, sintered ceramic, a natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls, low intensity Proppant substitute for oil and gas production There are very good results. When deep mining oil and gas, high-low permeability deposits after closure pressure fracturing treatment, will rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the narrow passage formed by the cracks among the collection out. Oil fracturing proppant material with high-pressure solution into the formation along with filling in rock fissures among them, so that it can support the crack is closed not because of the role of stress release, and thus sustained high conductivity, so that oil and gas through smoothly, improve yields. And practice proved that the use of ceramic proppant fracturing of oil wells can not only increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the use of the service life of oil and gas wells.
Oil fracturing proppant fracturing used in deep excellence, has proved its worth. About this product research will also continue, as oil, natural gas, the rapid development will also bring its continuous development.
Oil fracturing proppant fracturing used in oil and gas sectors
The rapid development of the oil industry, and has been closely linked with the global macro-economic status. There are many companies rely on the oil, always concerned with the dynamics of oil, because oil is also a trend for the stock has a great influence. Oil as the world's most important raw materials, has become a speculative business goals. It can be seen, the oil's position in the global economy is important. While oil
fracturing proppant products as essential oil in auxiliary materials, has been widely used in many domestic and international oil exploration base.
Oil frac proppant is home to oil and gas well fracturing process is very important aspects. It fracturing process to increase oil and gas production rate and recovery.
Such cracks can prevent Proppant fast closing, maintaining hydraulic fractures propped high conductive medium to create an open and allow increased fracture flow capacity. The hydraulic fracturing proppants and chemical characteristics, which greatly affect its efficiency. In the more suitable location, good proppant can make the oil industry has a good production and profitability, and for this reason, it is imperative to use the proper use of the product.
Oil frac proppant is home to oil and gas well fracturing process is very important aspects. It fracturing process to increase oil and gas production rate and recovery.
Such cracks can prevent Proppant fast closing, maintaining hydraulic fractures propped high conductive medium to create an open and allow increased fracture flow capacity. The hydraulic fracturing proppants and chemical characteristics, which greatly affect its efficiency. In the more suitable location, good proppant can make the oil industry has a good production and profitability, and for this reason, it is imperative to use the proper use of the product.
Ceramic proppant oil exploration in the practical effect
We all know that
Ceramic proppant (oil
fracturing proppant ） is the primary role in the construction process, such as pressure and performed the role of diversion, but in the actual process of oil and gas exploration,
Ceramic proppant the role and the performance of the case is kind of how it Today we have on this issue under the case to be resolved.
In the oil extraction process because the process of pre-drilling wells will cause severe vibration underground rock formations with the appearance of cracks occurred, and this for the future exploitation of the work lay hidden, leading to instability of the daily work of mining and reduction of security, cracks in different specifications for the well (according to the size of rock crack the case may be) of the ceramic proppant to fill, because of its structural features has a very strong resilience and can guarantee the stability of rock formations derails fracture cases; hand LPG etc. in the circulation process requires diversion to the smooth conduct of acquisition, while the primary role Ceramic proppant manifested, good permeability permeability ensures full exploitation of oil and gas, improve the oil and gas field production. In the actual mining process which we need to pay attention is to conduct geological analysis of the structure and then the filling of Ceramic proppant ， Ceramic proppant size specifications the pressures are different, so be sure to pay attention to the actual application that .
In the oil extraction process because the process of pre-drilling wells will cause severe vibration underground rock formations with the appearance of cracks occurred, and this for the future exploitation of the work lay hidden, leading to instability of the daily work of mining and reduction of security, cracks in different specifications for the well (according to the size of rock crack the case may be) of the ceramic proppant to fill, because of its structural features has a very strong resilience and can guarantee the stability of rock formations derails fracture cases; hand LPG etc. in the circulation process requires diversion to the smooth conduct of acquisition, while the primary role Ceramic proppant manifested, good permeability permeability ensures full exploitation of oil and gas, improve the oil and gas field production. In the actual mining process which we need to pay attention is to conduct geological analysis of the structure and then the filling of Ceramic proppant ， Ceramic proppant size specifications the pressures are different, so be sure to pay attention to the actual application that .
Oil frac proppant application process and principle
Oil
frac proppant during use:
Fracturing fluids and additives are mixed together, and then is pumped into the formation. Formations will produce cracks at the same time, and then the inside for oil fracturing proppant.
Oil fracturing proppant maintained after reflow cracks. Therefore, fracturing proppant must be strong enough to withstand the pressure of the corresponding closure, the cost ratio is: pumping liquid oil fracturing proppant 25%, 46%, 19%, 10% of acid fracturing chemicals materials.
Oil fracturing proppant fracturing is usually acidic and Hydraulic fracturing using:
(1) acid fracturing fluid pressure energy splitting rock fracturing fluid and oil fracturing proppant fractures, allowing gas flow.
(2) hydraulic fracturing we inject a high-viscosity fluid (liquid fracturing fluid and additives) into the well, a faster rate than the soil adsorption, which causes pressure around the crack formation and created at the bottom (commonly1-3 mm), and then injected into the cracks of oil fracturing proppant with proppant.
Program Pengshou Liang:
(1). Select the wells and layers. It usually takes 0.5-1 million ^ _ ^ well layers.
(2). Design fractures.
(3). Preparatory work before fracture.
(4). Fracture process differs as well, but they have the same general steps.
(5). Reflow: In order to protect the soil layer, CF should be pumped back underground reflow process. The event will take gelbreaker.
Fracture process following general steps:
(1). Pressure Testing: ability to resist pressure wellhead equipment and ground facilities.
(2). Mat rehydration: Our goal is to crush the carrying fluid formation and the creation of cracks. Preflush can also purify the nearby pitshaft.
(3). Carrying the carrying fluid infusion (CF) as the carrier of Proppant function. Although up to the position specified oil fracturing proppant, CF expansion cracks, the formation of cooling down.
(4). Replace infusion: This feature is push CF and ensuring proppant got the right place.
(5). Shut: Close ranging from 4-12 hours, depending on the well design.
Fracturing fluids and additives are mixed together, and then is pumped into the formation. Formations will produce cracks at the same time, and then the inside for oil fracturing proppant.
Oil fracturing proppant maintained after reflow cracks. Therefore, fracturing proppant must be strong enough to withstand the pressure of the corresponding closure, the cost ratio is: pumping liquid oil fracturing proppant 25%, 46%, 19%, 10% of acid fracturing chemicals materials.
Oil fracturing proppant fracturing is usually acidic and Hydraulic fracturing using:
(1) acid fracturing fluid pressure energy splitting rock fracturing fluid and oil fracturing proppant fractures, allowing gas flow.
(2) hydraulic fracturing we inject a high-viscosity fluid (liquid fracturing fluid and additives) into the well, a faster rate than the soil adsorption, which causes pressure around the crack formation and created at the bottom (commonly1-3 mm), and then injected into the cracks of oil fracturing proppant with proppant.
Program Pengshou Liang:
(1). Select the wells and layers. It usually takes 0.5-1 million ^ _ ^ well layers.
(2). Design fractures.
(3). Preparatory work before fracture.
(4). Fracture process differs as well, but they have the same general steps.
(5). Reflow: In order to protect the soil layer, CF should be pumped back underground reflow process. The event will take gelbreaker.
Fracture process following general steps:
(1). Pressure Testing: ability to resist pressure wellhead equipment and ground facilities.
(2). Mat rehydration: Our goal is to crush the carrying fluid formation and the creation of cracks. Preflush can also purify the nearby pitshaft.
(3). Carrying the carrying fluid infusion (CF) as the carrier of Proppant function. Although up to the position specified oil fracturing proppant, CF expansion cracks, the formation of cooling down.
(4). Replace infusion: This feature is push CF and ensuring proppant got the right place.
(5). Shut: Close ranging from 4-12 hours, depending on the well design.
Great use of technology ceramic proppant Raiders how much you know
I wonder if you are aware, a ceramic ceramic proppant is in the oil exploitation of very large and very broad application. Specifically this: When the
shale gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed together out of the alumina support material with a solution along with the high-pressure Filling cracks in the rock into the formation, allowing gas flow, increase production.
For the maintenance of the temperature ceramic proppant has serious requirements, under normal circumstances can be natural curing or heat protection. ① up analysis from an economic perspective, nature conservation, low cost, convenient and easy, but the maintenance required 28 days, and the temperature is below 20 degrees, after pouring the cement final setting for a long time and cause collapse mode. ② come from the length of time consuming analysis, steam or dry heat curing steam curing certain heat consumption, but
curing time is short, not later collapse, block strength than nature conservation by 10 to 30%, therefore, should maximize the use of conditional steam or dry heat curing.
However, it is also in the use of ceramic proppant has great technical content. Here I will introduce one by one, I hope will be helpful to you.
When the diluent in the preparation of blowing agent, the FP-4 foaming agent content of about 80% at alternate preparation. In the system of bubbles at the same time, the cement, light sand, ceramic, additives, water, etc., by precisely metered double spiral mixer was added to produce ceramic cement slurry. Conditional, should be adopted magnetized water.
Join the foam ceramic concrete slurry, and then continue stirring 1min, were mixed with the foam cement slurry. With pouring trucks or pump body will be sent to die or hollow block office, for slurry casting. Need to pay attention to the height should be slightly higher than pouring molds or hollow block. Static stops after the final setting up, scrape the surface with a scraper Baotou make block flat. If you wait until completely solidified and then cutting surface block header, the very laborious.
For the maintenance of the temperature ceramic proppant has serious requirements, under normal circumstances can be natural curing or heat protection. ① up analysis from an economic perspective, nature conservation, low cost, convenient and easy, but the maintenance required 28 days, and the temperature is below 20 degrees, after pouring the cement final setting for a long time and cause collapse mode. ② come from the length of time consuming analysis, steam or dry heat curing steam curing certain heat consumption, but
curing time is short, not later collapse, block strength than nature conservation by 10 to 30%, therefore, should maximize the use of conditional steam or dry heat curing.
However, it is also in the use of ceramic proppant has great technical content. Here I will introduce one by one, I hope will be helpful to you.
When the diluent in the preparation of blowing agent, the FP-4 foaming agent content of about 80% at alternate preparation. In the system of bubbles at the same time, the cement, light sand, ceramic, additives, water, etc., by precisely metered double spiral mixer was added to produce ceramic cement slurry. Conditional, should be adopted magnetized water.
Join the foam ceramic concrete slurry, and then continue stirring 1min, were mixed with the foam cement slurry. With pouring trucks or pump body will be sent to die or hollow block office, for slurry casting. Need to pay attention to the height should be slightly higher than pouring molds or hollow block. Static stops after the final setting up, scrape the surface with a scraper Baotou make block flat. If you wait until completely solidified and then cutting surface block header, the very laborious.
China's ceramic sand shine in the U.S. market
China's oil
fracturing proppant is the ceramic sand, with its ability to support good, gradually replacing the traditional sand, a monopoly on the U.S. market for fracturing proppant. Ability to support not sand, sand is pumped under high pressure deep strata under pressure after easily crushed, so more and more companies do tend to use
Ceramic proppant . At present, China-made ceramic proppant has occupied the entire North American ceramic proppant market share of 13%, with an average annual business volume of 30 billion U.S. dollars.
Ceramic proppant production inputs small, but highly profitable, Chinese Proppant manufacturer offers the advantages of cheap local bauxite, bauxite is an important raw material of ceramic production. Over the past two years, the ceramic proppant large price rises, U.S. domestic manufacturers have begun struggling to regain market.
But with the Chinese domestic shale gas exploration and development in the rise of China's ceramic proppant seems to have to worry about sales. In addition, the U.S. shale gas development in the ascendant, from Ohio to Texas, shale gas well drilling is heating up, the demand for ceramic proppant great on prices also have a certain tolerance.
North America on the huge demand for ceramic proppant will all provide enough room for maneuvers, Chinese ceramic sand industry has also seize this opportunity, work hard, put China's ceramic sand more than in the U.S. market accounted for more development opportunities, to bring greater national wealth. China's ceramic sand in the U.S. market will be even more shine.
Ceramic proppant production inputs small, but highly profitable, Chinese Proppant manufacturer offers the advantages of cheap local bauxite, bauxite is an important raw material of ceramic production. Over the past two years, the ceramic proppant large price rises, U.S. domestic manufacturers have begun struggling to regain market.
But with the Chinese domestic shale gas exploration and development in the rise of China's ceramic proppant seems to have to worry about sales. In addition, the U.S. shale gas development in the ascendant, from Ohio to Texas, shale gas well drilling is heating up, the demand for ceramic proppant great on prices also have a certain tolerance.
North America on the huge demand for ceramic proppant will all provide enough room for maneuvers, Chinese ceramic sand industry has also seize this opportunity, work hard, put China's ceramic sand more than in the U.S. market accounted for more development opportunities, to bring greater national wealth. China's ceramic sand in the U.S. market will be even more shine.
Oil fracturing proppant and ceramic sand What is the difference
Oil fracturing agent should be ceramic sand in one, however, careful analysis, in fact, ceramic sand and petroleum
Fracturing proppant is still a great difference. Oil fracturing proppant required performance to demanding a lot can be said ceramic sand in the boutique. Their different points can be expressed from these points.
1, the oil fracturing proppant particle diameter wells to meet different design requirements, is generally 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, roundness and sphericity greater than 0.9, and particle uniformity, smooth surface, the haze value should be less than 100 degrees in order to obtain conductivity as high as possible.
2, oil fracturing proppant particles at a temperature of 200 ° C under the conditions of the fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid chemical reaction does not occur, an acid solubility of the maximum permissible value should be less than 7%.
3, oil fracturing proppant have sufficient compressive strength and wear resistance capacity can withstand the strong injection pressure and friction, and effectively support the artificial cracks.
4, oil frac proppant particles is relatively lower density, ease pumped underground.
Oil fracturing proppant fracturing support is widely used in petroleum, it can directly affect the net income of oil production, and Proppant in oil exploitation in the entire costs will not be great. So, fracturing proppant in oil exploration in the play very well.
1, the oil fracturing proppant particle diameter wells to meet different design requirements, is generally 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, roundness and sphericity greater than 0.9, and particle uniformity, smooth surface, the haze value should be less than 100 degrees in order to obtain conductivity as high as possible.
2, oil fracturing proppant particles at a temperature of 200 ° C under the conditions of the fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid chemical reaction does not occur, an acid solubility of the maximum permissible value should be less than 7%.
3, oil fracturing proppant have sufficient compressive strength and wear resistance capacity can withstand the strong injection pressure and friction, and effectively support the artificial cracks.
4, oil frac proppant particles is relatively lower density, ease pumped underground.
Oil fracturing proppant fracturing support is widely used in petroleum, it can directly affect the net income of oil production, and Proppant in oil exploitation in the entire costs will not be great. So, fracturing proppant in oil exploration in the play very well.
Domestic oil fracturing proppant market size and export situation analysis
In recent years, as domestic oil
Fracturing proppant production development, oil fracturing proppant export volume gradually from scratch, from less to more. However, overall, the export volume is still less than imports. And the products are mainly concentrated in low value-added low-end products, imports are high-end products with high added value, such as high strength excellent performance oil fracturing
Proppant products. China's oil fracturing proppant is not fast development of the industry, market size average annual growth rate of 15 percent, an average annual growth rate of total production capacity of enterprises in about 12%.
Number of enterprises, but most are small businesses, low output, low-technology, competition means also focused on product prices above the market did not take a larger share of special large-scale enterprise production. Domestic demand for oil continues to increase, dependence on foreign oil continues to increase. In order to meet the increasing domestic demand for oil, the oil industry has developed rapidly. Correspondingly related products is rapidly expanding. China's oil fracturing proppant industry during this time, the relatively rapid development, market size growth rate reached 20%. In 2009, China's oil frac proppant industry investment 470 million yuan, in 2011 increased to 620 million yuan, an average annual growth rate of more than 13%.
Number of enterprises, but most are small businesses, low output, low-technology, competition means also focused on product prices above the market did not take a larger share of special large-scale enterprise production. Domestic demand for oil continues to increase, dependence on foreign oil continues to increase. In order to meet the increasing domestic demand for oil, the oil industry has developed rapidly. Correspondingly related products is rapidly expanding. China's oil fracturing proppant industry during this time, the relatively rapid development, market size growth rate reached 20%. In 2009, China's oil frac proppant industry investment 470 million yuan, in 2011 increased to 620 million yuan, an average annual growth rate of more than 13%.
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