Frac sand is another type of product used in gas and oil wells

Frac sand is another type of product used in gas and oil wells. As an extremely pure material, this quartz sand is very durable and has rather round grains. It is a crush-resistant material produced mainly to be used in the oil industry. It is used in the hydraulic fracturing process and happens to produce petroleum fluids, such as oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids from rock units that do not have enough space for the fluids to flow and go to a well. Most of the frac sand is a natural and is made from pure sandstone.Although this is made from rather pure sandstone, frac sand needs to be treated in order to be able to deliver the best results possible.The demand for frac sand has increased significantly over the past few years. The most useful frac sand is the one that happens to be resin coated. Resin coated frac sand is usually known as premium frac sand and is usually more expensive than the average untreated frac sand.

Common criteria of proppant, quartz sand,frac sand

Natural quartz sand,( proppant sand manufacturers ) Tao Lisha, aluminum oxide and silicate proppants, artificial support agent is oil and gas production on the market commonly used standard proppant.

  Quartz is main component of crustal composition in nature. Part exists in silicate compound state, oil fracturing proppant , constitute a variety of minerals and rocks. Another part is to the independent state of existence, a separate mineral entity.

  Although they have the same chemical composition, Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants , which are SiO2, but because the petrogeneticmetallogenetic conditions are different, and there are many kinds of state and a paramorph.

Fracturing proppant and the fracture conductivity

In the oil industry, in hydraulic fracturing ( hydraulic fracturing proppant )at the beginning, only natural quartz sand and is alwaysused as proppant fracturing material.

The 50's and 60's development of sand source and different flow capacity throughscreening, proppant conductivity , get higher.

The types, physical properties of proppant (size, intensity, sphericity, roundness, density etc.) and its distribution in the cracks, and crack closure pressure are the main factors controlling fracture conductivity.

The fracture flow capacity and fracturing material

The fracture ( fracturing proppants )flow capacity refers to the ability of crack conduction (delivery) of reservoir fluids, and with fracture proppant permeability (Kf) and crack of propped fracture width (Wf) of the product [KW]f to indicate.

  Many factors of master fracturing proppant physical properties and impact fracture flow capacity, is conducive to the rational selection of proppant, is conducive to the fracturing fluid with proppant fracturing material provides more exact requirements.

High efficient flow capacity of hydraulic fracturing

The so-called fracture flow capacity,( Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants ) refers to the product and fracture closed width and closure stress fracture permeability (wk) f[1 ~ 2].

  Proppant is the role of hydraulic fracture stimulation filling fracture initiation, which is no longer closed again, and the formation of a high flow capacity of the flow channel, keep the cracks open.

When encountering the crisis of water resources of shale gas

Shale gas rich area, is often the water resources are very poor area, such as according to the World Resources Institute data shows, China with the world's largest recoverable shale gas resources, but these resources are mainly distributed in the Tarim Basin, such as Sichuan Basin water resources is the lack of such a place, it can be said, China above 60% of recoverable shale gas resources are distributed in the more arid region.

  Of course, the same tragedy occurred in places such as Mexico, South Africa and other regions.

  Shale gas development will inevitably encounter the misuse of local residents living water, industrial and agricultural water use problems.

Shale gas well fracturing

Process for fracturing in shale gas, require the use of fracturing fluid and proppant, so it can produce cracks, and shale gas eventually exported to the ground storage.

In the drilling and fracturing stage, according to the World Resources Institute data display, a Shale gas  well needs 7000 to 25000 tons of water.

Each shale gas well’s water consumption

On the selection of fracturing fluid, there are three kinds of liquid nitrogen system, including direct injection, nitrogen foam injection and drag reduction of water. Cost, environment and yield and other factors to consider, at present the standard approach is the selection of fracturing fluid drag reduction of water, i.e. at high discharge pump into a large amount of water and a small amount of proppant and additives, to crack into deeper, improve the shale gas.

  Because the content of drag reduction in the water of the 99.5% water, so the technology is also known as the water fracturing. In the drilling and fracturing stage, according to the World Resources Institute data display, a Shale gas well needs 7000 to 25000 tons of water.

  And in the waste water recovery stage, probably only 70% of the waste water can be returned to earth for processing and storage, 30% of the water will be underground rock absorption.

Develop natural gas,adjust energy structure

According to estimates, Chinese oil consumption limit at 8 x 108t/a. Therefore, the task of the adjustment of China's energy structure will fall in the development of natural gas .

  This is the China's natural gas development opportunities, but also the natural gas industry must face the challenge. Although Chinese natural gas production in recent 10 years.

  The rapid growth, from 2000 272 * 108m3 to 968 * 108m3 in 2010, the yield increased 2 times, greatly increase proven reserves of natural gas, but compared to the Chinese energy consumption growth, natural gas in primary energy consumption structure.The proportion of growth is not obvious.

Driving force of Chinese energy structure for unconventional natural gas

Chinese energy structure makes the unconventional natural gas and conventional natural gas both must speed up the development of. Chinese structure of primary energy coal long-term high, the low proportion of petroleum, natural gas is not worth mentioning.

  In 2010, total energy consumption China up to 35 x 108 tons of standard coal equivalent, the consumption structure of coal accounts for 70%, oil accounted for 18%, frac proppant accounted for 4%, other 8%.

China Sinology and American unconventional natural gas

The rapid development of USA unconventional natural gas , mainly depends on its natural gas demand driven, benefiting from policies to support, the progress of technology security, geographical condition is superior, the oil and gas companies affected by factors such as management enthusiasm of  interests driven ,which is the best day, geography, and support of the people.

Abundant unconventional natural gas resources of American

Statistics show that, America total gas remaining technologically recoverable resources to reach 52 * 1012m3. Among them, the technology of unconventional gas resources recoverable resources to reach 45 * 1012m3, which is about 6 times the surplus conventional natural gas  recoverable resources.

  In addition, America most unconventional oil and gas area is located in the plain area, with convenient traffic, flat terrain, abundant water, unconventional natural gas for the implementation of large-scale development is very favorable.

Technique solved the problem of the development of unconventional gas

Technological progress solved a series of problems facing the development of
unconventional natural gas, especially the horizontal well staged fracturing and its series plus supporting technology make originally difficult to develop and use of unconventional natural gas reserves can be used, the unit cost is greatly reduced, the formation of scale benefit, oil and gas company profits increased.

The filter body filter loss is difficult to estimate

Natural fractures natural reservoir medium cracks and under the action of external force can open the potential presence of cracks, which makes the liquid in the fracturing fluid loss coefficient showed 2 characteristics,

  One is the filtration coefficient is dynamic, the other one is the filtration coefficient than the homogeneous medium under the same conditions much more,
Is usually increased the magnitude of the.

It is this kind of reservoir fracturing sand plug an important reason for the high rate.

What are the factors of fracturing sand plug?

1, sand is not smooth.
2, return is not closed in place.
3, the sand cloth, plastic bags and other debris blocking.
4, the fracturing fluid in the wellbore degeneration or irrational allocation.
5, perforation or stratum causes cannot continue into the sand.
6, downhole tool damage leading to shunt.
7, other abnormal situations.

The first reason of rapid development of American unconventional natural gas

Good external conditions.

 USA gas demand for huge amount, at the end of twentieth Century through the promulgation of Energy Law and other laws windfall tax, subsidies, used to reduce the risk of oil and gas enterprises development of unconventional natural gas , to encourage the development of unconventional natural gas, oil and gas companies promote positive development of unconventional natural gas boom.

The great development of USA unconventional natural gas shocked the world

American gas production peak in the platform to run long. According to 5000 * 108m3 as natural gas production peak platform computing, beginning in 1968, the U.S. natural gas entered the stable development period, 40 years of continuous operation in the peak platform, prosperous.

  In 2010, natural gas annual output reached 6110 * 108m3, the proportion of natural gas in the United States, the primary energy consumption accounted for 27%. Among them, 1754 * 108m3 dense gas, Shale gas , Coal seam gas of 1378 * 108m3 484 * 108m3. Unconventional natural gas volume reached 3616 * 108m3, American accounted for nearly 60% of total annual output of the natural gas.

  American gas operation for over 40 years at the peak of the platform, and become a pioneer in the world of successful use of natural gas, mainly due to the unconventional natural gas development.

In twentieth Century 80 time metaphase, America natural gas production decline phenomenon, the rapid rise of unconventional natural gas , quickly make up the conventional natural gas production decline in the gap, and sustainable development, make two years to become the world's largest American gas recently, make America gas inlet quantity is greatly reduced, and the overall low the price of natural gas in the international trade.

About the new project was formally signed oil proppant

400,000 tons of oil fracturing proppant project by Yangquan moderation ceramic Co., Ltd. invested 500 million yuan construction project covers an area of ​​110 acres, the project in two phases, a project to invest 100 million yuan, annual production capacity of 100,000 tons Oil fracturing proppant production line is expected to be put into operation in June 2013. Phase II invested 400 million yuan, is expected to start construction in early 2014.
The doctrine of the company's current project to introduce the latest international standards of production technology and production lines to low-grade bauxite and kaolin-based materials, through a unique process and formulation of raw materials, production of the current and future market demand for high quality and maximum The new oil fracturing ceramic proppant density. Completion of the project will completely change the traditional concept of the current production of ceramic sand, ceramic sand to lead the restructuring and development of the industry, to fill the Chinese ceramic industry, production of low density ceramic sand sand blank, reached international advanced level ceramic sand industry. Completion of the project annual production capacity of 400,000 tons, will become the country's largest, highest-tech, most powerful manufacturers.
In terms of energy saving, oil proppant testing  projects using natural gas as fuel, the production process is fully automated, waste water, waste, zero exhaust emissions. This project uses the latest practical energy saving device, kiln firing kiln dust and pre-concentrate dryer flue gas discharge point, so that the chamber re-use of waste heat. Especially after the adoption of the steam dryer and vacuum dust collection bag, Dust concentrations below 40 mg, far below the national residential and industrial areas of less than 80 mg of less than 120 milligrams of environmental requirements.

Oil fracturing support is very effective

When oil and gas exploration in deep, high pressure low permeability Deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the channel formed by the collection out of the cracks. Along with a high-pressure high-alumina support material solution into the formation filling in cracks in the rock, do not play a supporting crack closure due to stress release effect, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of high-alumina proppant hydraulic fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells, a key material in the oil and gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration and construction. Products used in deep fracturing, it will be filled to the low permeability fractured rock deposits in high closed Fracturing proppants treatment, the hydrocarbon rock split, play a supporting fissures not because of stress release and closed, thereby maintaining the oil and gas high flow capacity, not only to increase oil and gas production, and can extend the service life of oil and gas wells.

Shale gas development has a long service life and long production cycle

Shale gas development has a long service life and long production cycle, most of the gas shale distribution range, Chinese rock gas frac sand companies in thickness, and the common gas, makes gas shale gas well to long-term stability. But the shale gas reservoir permeability is low, mining is difficult. As the world's energy consumption rising, including shale gas, unconventional energy more and more be taken seriously. The United States and Canada and other frac sand already realized shale gas commercial development. Shale gas reservoirs usually assumes the physical characteristics of low porosity, low permeability, flow resistance than conventional natural gas, all well need to implement reservoir fracturing can be mined. On the other hand, the recovery rate is lower than the conventional gas shale gas, conventional gas recovery rate over 60%, and shale gas is only 5% ~ 60%. Low yield affects people enthusiasm for it, the United States there have been some advanced technology can improve the yield of shale gas well. China's shale gas reservoir compared with America, such as shale gas reservoirs of the sichuan basin buried depth than the United States, the depth of shale gas in the United States in 800 ~ 2600 meters, and the embedded depth of shale gas reservoirs of the sichuan basin in 2000 ~ 3500 meters. The increase of the depth of the shale gas will undoubtedly again on our immature technology adds to the difficulty.