High efficient flow capacity of hydraulic fracturing

The so-called fracture flow capacity,( Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants ) refers to the product and fracture closed width and closure stress fracture permeability (wk) f[1 ~ 2].

  Proppant is the role of hydraulic fracture stimulation filling fracture initiation, which is no longer closed again, and the formation of a high flow capacity of the flow channel, keep the cracks open.

When encountering the crisis of water resources of shale gas

Shale gas rich area, is often the water resources are very poor area, such as according to the World Resources Institute data shows, China with the world's largest recoverable shale gas resources, but these resources are mainly distributed in the Tarim Basin, such as Sichuan Basin water resources is the lack of such a place, it can be said, China above 60% of recoverable shale gas resources are distributed in the more arid region.

  Of course, the same tragedy occurred in places such as Mexico, South Africa and other regions.

  Shale gas development will inevitably encounter the misuse of local residents living water, industrial and agricultural water use problems.

Shale gas well fracturing

Process for fracturing in shale gas, require the use of fracturing fluid and proppant, so it can produce cracks, and shale gas eventually exported to the ground storage.

In the drilling and fracturing stage, according to the World Resources Institute data display, a Shale gas  well needs 7000 to 25000 tons of water.

Each shale gas well’s water consumption

On the selection of fracturing fluid, there are three kinds of liquid nitrogen system, including direct injection, nitrogen foam injection and drag reduction of water. Cost, environment and yield and other factors to consider, at present the standard approach is the selection of fracturing fluid drag reduction of water, i.e. at high discharge pump into a large amount of water and a small amount of proppant and additives, to crack into deeper, improve the shale gas.

  Because the content of drag reduction in the water of the 99.5% water, so the technology is also known as the water fracturing. In the drilling and fracturing stage, according to the World Resources Institute data display, a Shale gas well needs 7000 to 25000 tons of water.

  And in the waste water recovery stage, probably only 70% of the waste water can be returned to earth for processing and storage, 30% of the water will be underground rock absorption.

Develop natural gas,adjust energy structure

According to estimates, Chinese oil consumption limit at 8 x 108t/a. Therefore, the task of the adjustment of China's energy structure will fall in the development of natural gas .

  This is the China's natural gas development opportunities, but also the natural gas industry must face the challenge. Although Chinese natural gas production in recent 10 years.

  The rapid growth, from 2000 272 * 108m3 to 968 * 108m3 in 2010, the yield increased 2 times, greatly increase proven reserves of natural gas, but compared to the Chinese energy consumption growth, natural gas in primary energy consumption structure.The proportion of growth is not obvious.

The proportion of natural gas in the energy structure

The overall situation of China's energy consumption is too heavy, high energy consumption, high emission( fracturing proppant ).

  To improve the Chinese energy structure, the first task is to reduce the proportion of coal in the primary energy structure, increase natural gas ,nuclear energy and other renewable energy proportion. According to the forecast of Chinese academy of Engineering in the long-term development of China's energy,
Oil production years our country long in 2 x 108t/a.

 Oil imports by various factors especially the influence of safety factors of,we must set the upper limit of oil consumption.

Driving force of Chinese energy structure for unconventional natural gas

Chinese energy structure makes the unconventional natural gas and conventional natural gas both must speed up the development of. Chinese structure of primary energy coal long-term high, the low proportion of petroleum, natural gas is not worth mentioning.

  In 2010, total energy consumption China up to 35 x 108 tons of standard coal equivalent, the consumption structure of coal accounts for 70%, oil accounted for 18%, frac proppant accounted for 4%, other 8%.

China Sinology and American unconventional natural gas

The rapid development of USA unconventional natural gas , mainly depends on its natural gas demand driven, benefiting from policies to support, the progress of technology security, geographical condition is superior, the oil and gas companies affected by factors such as management enthusiasm of  interests driven ,which is the best day, geography, and support of the people.

Technique solved the problem of the development of unconventional gas

Technological progress solved a series of problems facing the development of
unconventional natural gas, especially the horizontal well staged fracturing and its series plus supporting technology make originally difficult to develop and use of unconventional natural gas reserves can be used, the unit cost is greatly reduced, the formation of scale benefit, oil and gas company profits increased.

The filter body filter loss is difficult to estimate

Natural fractures natural reservoir medium cracks and under the action of external force can open the potential presence of cracks, which makes the liquid in the fracturing fluid loss coefficient showed 2 characteristics,

  One is the filtration coefficient is dynamic, the other one is the filtration coefficient than the homogeneous medium under the same conditions much more,
Is usually increased the magnitude of the.

It is this kind of reservoir fracturing sand plug an important reason for the high rate.

What are the factors of fracturing sand plug?

1, sand is not smooth.
2, return is not closed in place.
3, the sand cloth, plastic bags and other debris blocking.
4, the fracturing fluid in the wellbore degeneration or irrational allocation.
5, perforation or stratum causes cannot continue into the sand.
6, downhole tool damage leading to shunt.
7, other abnormal situations.

The first reason of rapid development of American unconventional natural gas

Good external conditions.

 USA gas demand for huge amount, at the end of twentieth Century through the promulgation of Energy Law and other laws windfall tax, subsidies, used to reduce the risk of oil and gas enterprises development of unconventional natural gas , to encourage the development of unconventional natural gas, oil and gas companies promote positive development of unconventional natural gas boom.

The great development of USA unconventional natural gas shocked the world

American gas production peak in the platform to run long. According to 5000 * 108m3 as natural gas production peak platform computing, beginning in 1968, the U.S. natural gas entered the stable development period, 40 years of continuous operation in the peak platform, prosperous.

  In 2010, natural gas annual output reached 6110 * 108m3, the proportion of natural gas in the United States, the primary energy consumption accounted for 27%. Among them, 1754 * 108m3 dense gas, Shale gas , Coal seam gas of 1378 * 108m3 484 * 108m3. Unconventional natural gas volume reached 3616 * 108m3, American accounted for nearly 60% of total annual output of the natural gas.

  American gas operation for over 40 years at the peak of the platform, and become a pioneer in the world of successful use of natural gas, mainly due to the unconventional natural gas development.

In twentieth Century 80 time metaphase, America natural gas production decline phenomenon, the rapid rise of unconventional natural gas , quickly make up the conventional natural gas production decline in the gap, and sustainable development, make two years to become the world's largest American gas recently, make America gas inlet quantity is greatly reduced, and the overall low the price of natural gas in the international trade.

Strategic position of unconventional gas

Unconventional gas mainly consists of tight sandstone gas (hereinafter referred to as thedense gas), coalbed methane and shale gas.

  In recent years, unconventional gas tight gas, coalbed methane and shale gas as the representative of the rapid development attracted the attention of the world,especially the rapid development of American unconventional  gas to natural gas industry has undergone changes in turn the world upside down.

  As a developing country, China is in a critical period of economic and social development, a large number of high-quality, need clean energy. From the energy efficiency and CO2 emissioncharacteristics, natural gas is a current period ideal clean energy. Unconventional gas as the younger members of the family of natural gas, occupy a strategic position play a decisive role in the development of Chinese in natural gas.

  Therefore, the full analysis of the development USA unconventional , exerting the advantage of backwardness, positioning, development of good, make good use of Chinese of unconventional gas resources in China natural gas  industry development and social economic operation is of great strategic significance.

When oil and shale gas exploration in deep

When oil and gas exploration in deep , high pressure low proppant manufacturing deposit closure after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum , oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed by the pooled out. Along with a high-pressure high-alumina support material was filled into the formation in rock fissures , cracks do not play a supporting but closed due to stress release , thereby maintaining high conductivity , so that the oil and gas flow, increase production.

Reported surge in U.S. shale oil production or reshape world oil industry

According to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 5 月 14 reported that the International Energy Agency (IEA) 14 announced an interim report that the next five years, one-third of the world's new oil supply will come from the United States.Unconventional gas BBC said that the U.S. has proven shale oil Grain unexpectedly rose substantially likely to change the global crude oil producing countries contrast pattern.
The report shows that the North American market in the supply of crude oil off the waves are spread worldwide. U.S. crude oil imports from the country into a net exporter to the Middle East crude oil demand will slow down.ceramic ball In addition, by 2015, the United States will replace Russia as the world's largest natural gas producer. 2035, U.S. domestic demand for energy will "self-sufficiency." International Energy Agency Director-General van der Hoeven (Maria van der Hoeven) said that, for many years in North America than-expected supply growth has impacted every corner of the world oil market. U.S. surge in oil production will undoubtedly reshape the entire crude oil industry. The agency also said that from 2012 to 2018, the U.S. daily crude oil production will increase by 390 million barrels, representing the traditional non-OPEC oil-producing countries to increase production by two thirds.
BBC noted that the surge in oil production in the United States known as the energy market, in large part due savior shale oil. However, its production process is widely applied  hydraulic fracturing  technology has been questioned by environmentalists. It is reported that France has banned the technology.

Partial lifting of the ban on offshore oil drilling, planned exploitation of domestic oil resources.

U.S. proven oil reserves of the world's proven oil reserves account for only about 2%. In 1981, the U.S. Congress passed a bill to freeze 4.8 km from the coastline to 322 km of the U.S. continental shelf oil;hydraulic fracturing 1991, U.S. President George W. Bush signed an executive order that will take zones extend to the Gulf of Mexico oil region of Alaska near the center and all the offshore overseas waters, the ban is valid until 2002; 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton will ban was extended to 2012. In 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush saw oil prices exceeded $ 140 per barrel, proposed ban offshore oil bill, but the Federal Court of Appeal to the "lack of scientific basis" as an excuse, rejected Bush's ban plan.

The United States in 20 years non-exploitation of offshore petroleum resources in the main area, one is to protect the ecological environment. U.S. offshore oil exploration areas spill has occurred several times, causing serious environmental pollution. Second, protection of domestic oil resources. U.S. implementation of "dwelling on the far" oil strategy,frac sand not only in order to protect the domestic non-renewable, dwindling oil resources, but also to control the global oil market, profiteering and maintain world hegemony. Robert Bryce in his "energy independence of the road" in his book "than the U.S. domestic oil industry, more importantly, is the world's economic health, and if the expulsion of the Saudi royal family of Saudi oil leaving the military coup of stagnant flow, then the whole world economy will fall into chaos. "Therefore," We need to continue to work with Saudi Arabia and other key energy producing countries diplomatic cooperation, because even if we have more and more domestic energy supply, they will continue to affect the international market. "in five Middle East war,Proppant the United States mobilize support for Israel and the Gulf War and the Iraq war, is to control the Middle East strategic and war for oil.

In order to reduce dependence of foreign oil and expand employment, in March 2010, President Obama announced the partial lifting of the ban on offshore oil and gas exploration areas. A year later, President Obama proposed to increase U.S. energy independence the new target,Unconventional gas announced in 2025, the United States will reduce oil imports 1/3 in order to "increase U.S. energy independence."

Future of Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply

To the European debt crisis has battered , however, the more deadly crisis is waiting for Europe - Future Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply . Caught in this dilemma ,Ceramic proppant Europe can be said to suffer , because from a global perspective , the existing oil production is quite rich, while the internal environment unfavorable factors allows the energy industry struggling European tradition . A British think tank 's report that, in order to get rid of oil consumption dilemma, Europe needs to invest trillions of euros , however, existing policies may not attract so much investment.

Peak oil warning still fresh ,frac sand companies Greenpeace environmental slogans are everywhere , but fossil fuels will eventually not yet reached the point where so urgent . In recent years , with the massive proven oil reserves , the world's oil supply at least the next 100 years without problems. For a country, which aims to provide the impetus oil , it is not only the transport sector , manufacturing uptime guarantee , it is the basis of everyday life of ordinary people , no oil , no country can not achieve sustainable development , and more not in a competitive foothold on the international stage .

Currently, most of Europe 's oil supply from the North Sea, while the region 's oil production has declined compared to 2002 by 50%. Also includes Libya, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, these countries domestic political instability, social unrest often. These factors laid the disruption of oil supply risks. In fact, no need to rely on overseas fossil energy in Europe , through the development of local fields can solve the problem. To this end it is necessary to amend existing European energy policy , excluding the "Energy Roadmap " and reduce fossil fuel consumption requirements, this provision has so many stupid investors discouraged the European oil and gas industry .

As we all know ,  shale gas  revolution changed the U.S. energy landscape , so gas prices dropped significantly , manufacturing renaissance accelerated , the U.S. economic recovery is encouraged . In fact, the U.S. is not only rich in natural gas , but also has huge oil reserves , since gas-rich areas are often vast deposits of oil. The United States is interested in expanding oil production , which will undoubtedly speed up the economic development of the United States . In contrast Europe,unconventional gas exclusive development of renewable energy and oil and gas projects cumbersome approval process so that oil and gas developers are frustrated confidence .

Shale gas development goals

1, the overall goal

By 2015, the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,Unconventional gas control and distribution of shale gas resource potential, preferably a number of shale gas prospects and favorable target areas, and built a number of shale gas exploration and development, the initial realization scale production. Shale gas exploration and development of a major breakthrough in key technologies, the main production equipment to achieve independence, forming a series of national technical standards and specifications shale gas, shale gas to establish a sound industrial policy system for the "13 5" shale air rapid development has laid a solid foundation.

2, the specific planning objectives

"Twelve Five" period to achieve the following planning objectives:

(A) the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,ceramic ball the initial grasp of shale gas resources in the country and its distribution volume, preferably 30 to 50 shale gas prospects and 50 to 80 favorable target areas.

(2) proven geological reserves of shale gas 600 billion cubic meters, recoverable reserves of 200 billion cubic meters. 2015 production of 6.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas.

(3) forming geological conditions suited to China's shale gas resource evaluation Geological Survey and technical methods, shale gas exploration and development of key technologies and ancillary equipment.

(4) the formation of shale gas research and evaluation, resource reserves, experimental analysis and testing,fracturing proppant exploration and development, environmental protection and other areas of technical standards and specifications.

OPEC's internal contradictions

The economy riddled, food and housing scarce Algeria also need high oil prices. International Monetary Fund (IMF) said the oil price is not less than 121 U.S. dollars / barrel, Algeria to balance domestic spending.Fracturing proppant Government data show that in the first four months, the Algerian oil and gas revenues declined by 9%. The finance ministers will be directly attributed to the U.S. shale oil production increased. Important source of foreign exchange blocked, Algeria had to reduce public spending. Responsible for security affairs consulting firm NorthAfricaRisk Jeff Potter pointed out that in the case of not rising wages slashed social allowances will only increase instability.

2008 economic crisis caused by the global financial crisis, oil prices fell to lows. The face of external difficulties,ceramic ball then abandoned the hatchet of OPEC member states unanimously agreed to cut 400 million barrels / day of production quotas to support oil prices. However, the supply of crude oil in North America once again highlighted the dramatic increase in OPEC's internal conflicts, opposing sides have said that the current to reach a unified position is much more difficult than before.

International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2018, crude oil production in the United States and Canada, based on an increase in the current 21%. This is undoubtedly a stunning reversal. Since the 1970s peak, U.S. oil production has continued to decline until 2008 because the contribution of shale oil before re-see the improvement.unconventional gas Hydraulic fracturing technology breakthrough liberated USA North Dakota and Texas and other states buried shale oil resources, so that U.S. crude oil production hit a 21 year high.