Oil fracturing proppant application what?

Oil fracturing proppant application what?


Oil frac proppant for oil and natural gas wells in low permeability oil and gas fracturing the key material, the use of the product, can effectively improve oil and gas production and extend well life. Proppant type 1, from the category ductile brittle ceramic proppant，Toughness proppant 2, from the timber

Qualitative classification of quartz sand, aluminum balls, walnut shells, glass beads, plastic balls, steel balls, ceramic, resin-coated sand, etc., current usage is: quartz sand accounted for 50% market share, resin-coated sand about market share of 15% of the ceramic with high hardness, low cost and is widely used.

Investigation and assessment of shale gas resource potential

Oil and gas resources in the national strategy for selection of special, set "national investigation and evaluation of shale gas resource potential and the favorable area preferred" project,hydraulic fracturing the country is divided into the Upper Yangtze land and Dianqiangui, Middle and Lower Yangtze and the southeast, north and northeast, northwest and Tibet five major areas, shale gas resources and potential to carry out the investigation and evaluation.

1, the National Distribution of organic-rich shales

2011 to 2013, analysis of the existing regional geological survey and exploration of oil and gas and other information, the implementation of geological survey, geophysical and geochemical exploration conducted surveys and shallow wells, the completion of field profile measured 50 kilometers,frac sand non-seismic geophysical exploration 10,000 one thousand meters geological Asai 200, access to all areas of organic-rich shale basic information on land in China as soon as possible to identify the distribution of organic-rich shales and basic parameters, preferably prospective areas of shale gas resources.

2, the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation

In Sichuan and Hubei Province in east, north Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi Qiannan Nanpanjiang; Hunan - Dongting, northwestern Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Anhui; Erdos, Southern North Songliao, Bohai Bay Basin, Liaohe Depression, Tarim , Junggar and Turpan-Hami, Santanghu, Qaidam, Qiangtang, such as basins and regions, focusing on both other regions, the deployment D seismic 20,000 kilometers non-seismic geophysical exploration 40,000 kilometers,frac proppant survey wells 50 , access to shale gas system parameters to evaluate the resource potential, basic grasp of the national shale gas geological resources and recoverable resources distribution, preferably shale gas enrichment favorable target areas, study concludes that shale gas enrichment regularity. Construction of the investigation and evaluation of shale gas, exploration and exploitation and utilization of integrated demonstration area to promote the shale gas industry, the rapid formation and development.

History of the development of international energy trade

All along, relying on energy imports are developing countries including shale and tar sands resources, including fossil fuels, new native reserves, and energy as the power is still the driving force of social existence booster. In human history, energy is a local problem,frac sand companies it is a region in the vicinity to obtain and use the product. Then, the energy is used to change lives and strengthen political and military power to create wealth. Energy and other key factors together, creating a strong industrial center. But really started to change the world of international energy trade, which is the basis of modern industrial society. 19th century, the Spaniards in Peru will be shipped back to Europe guano mining, where guano became a substantial increase in the agricultural productivity of fertilizer.Fracturing proppant It can be said that this natural fertilizer and coal, is carried out in order to improve productivity and an early form of inter-regional transport energy. And oil, gas and other fossil fuels, are to be transported and stored form of energy. Early 20th century, the development of energy transport to another milestone. During this period, the British Royal Navy to use the internal combustion engine, we have begun to use oil or coal to drive the ship, most families have turned from the use of whale oil for lighting and the use of petroleum products to gain momentum. The early 2000s, oil,frac proppant gas and coal and other energy trading has become a large-scale form of international trade, but also promoted the development of other forms of trade.

"World Energy Statistics Yearbook," reveals the world's energy supply and demand changes

"About 10 years ago, the United States and Canada is a huge country incremental oil imports, but now it Yueshen became an oil exporter. Why did it happen so dramatically?" BP's chief economist Christof recently in the Ruhr 2013 "BP World Energy Statistics Yearbook,"frac proppant the Chinese version (hereinafter referred to as "Yearbook") conference, stressed that "it is not because Canada has the oil sands, shale resources in the United States has the world's other countries also have a wealth of similar resources. most the reason is that Canada has a very open and fully competitive energy market environment, which in turn will lead to enterprises, especially SMEs flexible response actively carry out technological innovation, and ultimately stimulate Canada's leaps and bounds. "Ruhr also burst Antiaris pointed out that China is no reason why the revolutionary achieve as U.S.  shale gas  development objectives, in part because Chinese companies in this field are mostly large companies, the market is fully competitive conditions are not suitable for expansion. "Yearbook" that in 2012, as a dense oil and unconventional oil and gas production growth, the U.S. oil and gas production to get the world's highest growth rate, which hit the U.S. oil supply growth record. Not surprisingly, tight oil supply growth is still a force. Last year, North Dakota and Texas (United States has the most productive tight oil reserves in two states) production increased nearly 80 million barrels / day. So far this year, the supply continues to accelerate growth, increase U.S. oil production by 1.3 million barrels / day or more. Of course, the U.S. shale gas and tight oil development has become a familiar story.Proppant America has a rich resource base and horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology innovation in the field. Meanwhile, efficiency has become the rapid increase in U.S. oil production in the third key factor.

Nuggets Chinese foreign giants

Surprisingly, the shale gas  revolution in the U.S. Open, not Exxon Mobil, Chevron and other oil giants, but many in the research and development of mining gas new energy companies. These previously not well-known enterprises in the shale gas development into commercial maturity stage or aggressively taking advantage of the expansion, or with an enviable price of the acquisition, to achieve substantial economic benefits. Although many giants share some benefits, but also for the missed opportunity to harvest and remorse. In recent years, smart energy companies began turning to China. China has the world's recoverable shale gas resource potential, the government also hopes for industrial development. November 2012,ceramic ball the Ministry issued "on the strengthening of exploration and exploitation of shale gas resources and supervision of the work of the notice" clearly "to encourage owners of shale gas exploration and mining technology, foreign companies in joint ventures, cooperative forms of participation in our shale gas exploration and exploitation. "So far, ConocoPhillips, BP, Exxon Mobil and many other foreign giants with PetroChina, Sinopec signed a joint research agreement, trying to take advantage Road" national team "scramble for shale gas this gold mine. China's future energy demand is enormous pressure urgent need to improve the energy structure, shale gas because of its clean, large reserves of features,Ceramic proppant a national energy strategy, an important member of the layout. At present, China is still in the early development of shale gas, market potential, entry point into the city Bureau of shares described sighted, the upper hand. And there is strong geological coal resources,frac proppant technical strength as endorsements, is more optimistic about the prospects for cooperation.

China: tight oil promising

Potential of tight oil reserves are huge China could become a "tight oil revolution" strong capital followers. Endemic to China dominated by continental sedimentary basins with oil and gas, generally have poor reservoir characteristics, the corresponding development of a large number of rich low-permeability oil and gas resources.frac proppant Currently, the preliminary evaluation of favorable exploration area of ​​15 to 24 million square kilometers, the amount of recoverable resources of 18 to 28 million tons. According to the China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute of Oil and Gas Development Software Center Director Ran Kai full introduction, the overall performance of tight oil production performance as "initial yield, low-yield rapid decrement and post-yield" feature, different characteristics at different stages of seepage. Tight oil development currently facing a "deepening reservoir understanding, improve well production, improve utilization levels and recovery, reducing costs," the four challenges, compact and efficient development of oil must take  Unconventional gas  ideas, technology and management model to achieve development of the whole process of the "simplicity, industrial, domestic, market-oriented, standardized and efficient operations," as soon as possible to recover the investment. With the "long horizontal section horizontal wells, the volume fracturing, factory mode of operation" scale applications, and low-voltage, low-pass, low-quality, low-charge-type,hydraulic fracturing such as different types of tight oil development technology breakthroughs, China dense peak oil production forecast up to 2800 million to 35 million tons, development potential, will have significant social and economic benefits.

Industrial scale is still far

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the global recoverable shale gas  reserves more than 187 trillion cubic meters, of which China accounts for about 20% of the total for the 36 trillion cubic meters, ranking first in the world, the equivalent of the United States ( 24 trillion cubic meters) and Canada reserves combined. Chinese Ministry of Land Resources is also expected recoverable domestic shale gas reserves of 25 trillion cubic meters. 2012 China has become the world's second largest oil importer, is widely expected that China will surpass the United States in recent years to become the largest importer of crude oil.frac sand However, the international crude oil price fluctuations and supply problems for China to pay a high price. In view of the United States in recent years shale gas technology breakthroughs, and whom bring a new energy revolution, China's shale gas revolution also full of expectations. But analysts said the foreign media that China take advantage of its vast reserves of shale gas on the road, facing some very significant obstacles. One is water. Mining reserves in the deep underground shale in shale gas, the only way is to use hydraulic fracturing technology, which requires a lot of water, and China is already facing water shortages. The second is China's lack of will from the exploitation of shale gas transported to the densely populated areas at the required pipeline infrastructure. However, the most critical obstacle to China may be the lack of hydraulic fracturing. Hampered by technical problems and cost pressures,frac proppant China shale gas exploration more slowly, currently only has shale gas wells more than 90 ports, mainly in exploration and exploitation of the Sichuan Basin, and the United States each year shale gas wells drilled 8000. China shale gas drilling cycle time and cost are the United States three times and 10 times. In March last year China introduced the "shale gas development plan (2011-2015)" proposed in 2015 will achieve large-scale production of shale gas, when production reached 6.5 billion cubic meters (equivalent to 2% of China's total gas output) , and strive to 2020 shale gas production more than 60 billion cubic meters. But now, the industry consensus seems to be that China can not achieve this goal. Beijing has been trying to shale gas exploration blocks in an open tender, the introduction of competition and to attract new funds, but so far have not achieved commercial success of a project. Zhuo record information energy analyst Wangxiao Kun told the "China Economic Focus" correspondent, currently affecting shale gas development in China's two largest factors, one technical, the second is too risky. "Shale gas development is a very long payback period of the project, the risk is very high, because the technology is relatively limited on the one hand, the other hand, the actual amount of recoverable amount and exploration may also have gaps, so after the end of the second round of bidding, There are not many companies as,Ceramic proppant after winning many have no substantive action. especially for some of the funds are not particularly strong enterprise, it is difficult to assume such risks. "Fudan Energy Economics and Strategic Research Center deputy director Professor Wu Libo also the correspondents said, and other centralized energy exploration and development patterns are not the same, the U.S. shale gas revolution from some small companies began to scale the direction of expansion. U.S. shale gas exploitation experienced before and after 20 years or so, before the present large-scale development. China shale gas development in the next five years is unlikely to have a real effect of industry growth, possibly driven only exploration and development equipment and technical aspects of some industries, from large-scale industrialization and still have a long distance. And China's geological conditions, resource situation and the United States are very different, "China in this regard is necessary to spend about 10 years, and before that, it can only be regarded as an emerging energy technologies, even the industry are considered not be reached.

German chemical giant will seek domestic shale gas exploration

Reuters reported in Berlin,frac sand under the command of the German chemical giant BASF subsidiary Wintershall oil and gas CEO Rainer Seele Friday in Berlin, a media reporter, said that the company would exploration of shale gas resources in Germany, which makes large-scale hydro fracturing the possibility of such an unproven energy technologies distrust soaring country becomes more likely.
Germany has so far not decided to allow water power fracturing of  shale gas  extraction in the economic and environmental wisdom. Hydraulic fracturing method is a method of drilling using a special process, this technique requires a lot of the underground injection of chemicals and water.
In the U.S. shale gas production increased significantly after the German company Wintershall companies like Exxon Mobil, like their U.S. counterparts are eager to conventional supply is declining in Central Europe regional exploration prospect of a new natural gas reserves structure.
Seele said: "We plan in North Rhine - Westphalia, two lease areas where geological surveys to find out whether there is potential."frac proppant He said, adding that the two lease area has an area of ​​3900 square kilometers.

Negotiation of a new trump card

In addition, exports of natural gas will become the United States in trade negotiations of the new ace.Frac sand Former Deputy U.S. Trade Representative Bhatia said that many countries and the United States in the negotiations on a free trade agreement, and now these countries may have to make more concessions.
In addition, the shale gas revolution in the United States can also bring great political rewards. Famous oil experts Eugene said: "If it is not massive U.S. shale gas production increase,frac proppant the sanctions against Iran would not be so successful." Eugene said that the U.S. shale gas production increased dramatically since 2008, its production capacity has reached Iran sanctions before the volume of exports was 80%. Now, before the national oil imports from Iran can buy them from elsewhere energy required. "This is the  shale gas  revolution in the geopolitical impact of an example."
Some analysts believe that the world does not change the pattern of straight forward, there are other factors that will have an impact. Former president of Royal Dutch Shell Hofstadter said: "The exit from the Persian Gulf to oil tankers should now turn to the left instead of the right turn. China will absorb the United States in the Middle East for energy savings if the Chinese in larger than the United States in the region to become a customer, may reduce the influence of the United States, where this is the United States worried about. "

U.S. Energy: from importing countries to exporting countries shift

Global shale gas revolution first occurred in the United States, shale gas is expected to bring a lot to the U.S. energy industry's transformation.
First,Frac sand shale gas is expected to change U.S. energy consumption structure. U.S. energy consumption is mainly dependent on oil, gas and coal. Renewable energy technologies have a certain development, such as solar, wind, geothermal and biomass power generation, but has not yet achieved scale use, it can not in the country's future energy consumption structure play an important role.
Quite a long time in the future, natural gas will remain the major U.S. energy consumption type, the proportion of total U.S. energy consumption,frac proppant more than 1/4, while shale gas will be the main source of future U.S. natural gas. Therefore, shale gas production is expected to change the United States, even a wider range of energy markets. Current U.S. shale gas industry is in a state of prosperity, Pennsylvania, Louisiana and Texas all existing shale gas reserves into production, are constantly found new reserves, such as Marcellus, Igor Ford and Utica reserves.
Secondly, shale gas is expected to change the pattern of U.S. energy imports. Traditionally, the United States from Canada, mainly rely on imports to meet demand for natural gas, shale gas development and production in recent years, so that it can become self-sufficient in natural gas consumption. In 2008, the total U.S. natural gas imports accounted for 13% of supply. This figure is expected to 2035 to 1%. Moreover, the U.S. is also prepared in the global gas market to play a more important role - the United States has been adjusted part of the original imported natural gas processing and conversion facilities to export LNG in the form of shale gas resources.
Again, shale gas is expected to change the direction of U.S. energy investment. U.S. shale gas development speed and scale of potential resources to bring great pressure on manufacturers, requiring them to quickly enhance their human resources and technical strength.ceramic proppant The United States will increase investment in the future, to address shale gas drilling, processing and transportation of specialized equipment supply shortage. U.S. energy companies in addition to large-scale development of domestic shale gas resources, but also look overseas to China, Argentina and other shale gas reserves are huge, but the scale of production in the country has not yet formed to invest.

Decline in demand prices plunged U.S. shale gas development boom rapid cooling

Japanese "Fuji Sankei Business Daily" reported that the U.S. shale gas development boom is being overshadowed.Ceramic proppant In the context of falling demand, shale gas prices fell, development gains are continuing to deteriorate, the number of mining equipment are rapidly reduced. Mining operations provide oilfield services companies face the risk of failure.
According to the American Petroleum Development service provider Baker Hughes Inc., is currently working throughout the United States the number has dropped to 422 excavator units, down 48 percent from a year ago, which is since 1988 the decline since statistics maximum of one year.
The decrease in the number one reason excavator is being used by the U.S. energy industry's production of shale gas production from shale oil transfer.frac proppant In the United States ranked third in the oil services company Schlumberger CEO pavilion Judd Gibbs announced in July of income and expenditure report that "leads to reduced demand for excavators biggest reason is the industry are turning to shale oil production. "
Because shale gas is greater than the pressure on oil shale formation, and thus the output power required for mining equipment will be greater.
Development of shale gas commonly used "hydraulic fracturing technology" requires higher technology and more expensive equipment, which undoubtedly oil exploration and service industry has brought huge profits. However, this situation is changing. In addition, natural gas prices fell sharply during the recent global economic slowdown and the rapid expansion in the context of the high cost of oil service jobs no longer seem indispensable. Investment in energy production industry is showing narrowing trend. U.S. natural gas company Chesapeake Energy and some companies have begun to shrink the scale mining.
America's biggest oil service provider Halliburton, Baker Hughes, Weatherford and other companies were predicted their respective North America in the second quarter operating profit will be down $ 1 billion or so.
While the same excessive competition within the industry and mining equipment oversupply exacerbated seriousness of the situation.
Over the past five years, by the United States to accelerate the development of shale gas effects, oilfield services provider for updating machinery and equipment investment of up to $ 10 billion or more.ceramic ball Although the hydraulic fracturing process used in construction machinery total power output has reached about 15.6 million horsepower, but the actual production capacity needed only about 12 million horsepower, up 30 percent excess capacity.

Principles of shale gas and mining technology

Shale gas refers to occur in Unconventional gas , often distributed in source rocks of sedimentary basin formation. However, this gas is trapped in dense, almost no pores and cracks in the shale, in the exploitation of its formation must be artificial fracturing, manufacturing long cracks, and to the formation of cracks prop channel,frac proppant so keep up the pressure and gas continuously flow into the wellbore.
Shale gas extraction technology is mainly horizontal drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing technology. Mainly for the production of horizontal wells, you can get a larger reservoir discharge area, get higher natural gas production. The purpose of hydraulic fracturing is to increase the well bore and gas reservoir rocks contacts for oil and gas to the well bore to provide a high penetration of mobile channel. The basic process is the completion of the drilling and installation of drilling, high-pressure liquid mixture into the drilling, so that gas reservoir rocks crack, and the high-pressure liquid proppant into the fracture to keep it open after the state,ceramic proppant making this a hydraulic fracture the oil and gas drilling speed channel guide. High pressure liquid water and solid support by the agents (such as quartz sand) and chemical additives, water, sand content is generally 98% - 99.5%, additive content of 0.5% - 2%. For high-pressure fluid has more than 250 kinds of chemical additives.

France refused to worry about the development of shale gas pollution and damage to the environment

French "revitalize French competitiveness" recently released report,ceramic proppant citing measures 22 recommendations aimed at improving the competitiveness of French industry. Including recommendations on shale gas development attention. According to French media reports, the French government may still will not agree to shale gas development, fearing it would cause environmental pollution and environmental damage.frac proppant French President Hollande Earlier in September 15 meeting, said the environment during his tenure will not be any shale gas development. He believes that the current feasible fracking technology can not be ruled out on human health and the environment caused by pollution. According to statistics, half of France has Western Europe's shale gas resources, has great potential. Responsible for the production of industrial activity revitalization Minister Monte Boolean believes that Hollande is against  Hydraulic fracturing  method, rather than against shale gas itself, if technology is improved, the government still can be re-discussed shale gas.

Shale gas exploitation: heavy resistance more difficult road ahead

Obviously, the British are trying to replicate U.S.  shale gas  development experience, but this process is not simple, and resistance from a wide range.
Royal Institute of International Affairs Paul? Stevens professor believes that the British oil and gas services industry is not the United States developed, so the speed of development of shale gas will not be as American fast. In addition, the geological differences also require European countries have adopted different mining techniques, but the British government in the new technology research and development support to the enterprise is not enough.
University of Durham, UK Energy Research Institute director Richard? Davis predicts shale gas development in the United Kingdom to establish the infrastructure needed to be years.frac proppant Professor Stevens also said that compared with the United States, Britain and Europe have more green organizations and local forces against shale gas development, shale gas production is facing such environmental resistance will be greater.
It is worth noting that in most European countries, the mining rights owned by the government, with the United States to implement this mineral resource exploration rights for the privately held different for shale gas resource development serious obstacles. Proceedings bureaucratic and time-consuming resource valuation may become indefinite postponement of exploration and production reasons. In France, the political opposition let  Hydraulic fracturing  shale gas stagnant.
Cuadrilla CEO Francis? Egan said the company in 2011, the British made the assessment of shale gas reserves, according to the current consumption, even if 10% of total reserves mined, with enough English for seven years. And this argument against shale gas has become the laughing stock of the media. British "Guardian" has been mercilessly mocked British shale gas is "Spring Dream." "Financial Times" also stood opposite shale gas development, said 10 percent to the UK's energy will not bring any change in the pattern.
In short, fracturing proppant the shale gas exploration and development is still in its infancy in the UK, only a few mouthfuls of drilling exploration wells. In the U.S., over the past decade shale gas wells drilled approximately 20,000. If the United States as a reference, the UK's shale gas development is still a long way to go, but its potential is still bleak for the UK gas industry has brought hope.

China shale gas development can not be anxious

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that China  shale gas  reserves in the world, accounting for about 20% of the global total. In March this year, China's shale gas "second five" plan, proposed initially realized in the period 2011-2015 the scale of shale gas commercial production. Experts believe that the development of shale gas is expected to lead China's energy revolution, but to the steady development of its own characteristics, not be so anxious.
Chinese Academy of Engineering,frac proppant China National Petroleum Corporation, deputy director of the Committee of Experts Consulting Center Zhai said China rich hydrocarbon resources, but also more complicated to learn from the experience of U.S. shale gas development, but can not copy, in conjunction with China's special geological conditions to quicken the key shale gas development engineering, technology innovation research.
CNOOC New Energy Company chief scientist, Royal Society of Chemistry Fellow author Xiao Gang said that China can not copy the American model, because the two countries shale gas geological conditions, the development of shale gas technology maturity, land ownership and regulatory framework so there difference. For example, the U.S. shale gas, mostly 200-2000 m depth of burial, while China Sichuan Basin shale gas burial depth of 1500-4000 m and more.
Ministry of Land and Resources Strategic Research Center of Oil and Gas, Dr. Li Yuxi said that shale gas exploration and development of a large initial investment, high development costs, long production cycle, in the early development of shale gas, need financial subsidies, tax breaks and other preferential policies to support.ceramic ball Shale gas production cycle takes about 30 to 50 years, there is no preferential policies to support business investment alone can not be sustained.
Energy Economic Research Center, Xiamen University, Lin Boqiang in an interview, stressed that shale gas development can not be ignored environmental factors, in addition to the face of conventional oil and gas development, the environmental risks, but also may be exposed to new environmental risks and challenges, including excessive water consumption, water pollution,Frac sand air pollution, global warming and other environmental problems.

Petroleum proppant has never stopped the pace of R & D

Petroleum proppant has never stopped the pace of R & D


  To ask what the world's most competitive economy, the answer is none other than the non-energy. Energy extraction about people's livelihood, minerals, petroleum and so in control of the country's economic lifeline, the exploitation of oil in recent years, with more intensified competition for oil proppant is the main target of current concern, the development of oil  ceramic proppant  never stopped pace, which is the exploitation of oil has a vital role.
  As technology continues to improve the level of human solid waste generated has also increased, a large pile of solid waste posing a great threat for the survival of the environment. Solid waste generally refers to human beings in the production, processing, distribution, consumption and lifestyle destination accessible ingredients such processes discarded after solids and mud-like substance. According to management needs can be divided into three categories: namely, industrial solid waste, toxic and hazardous solid waste and municipal waste. Storage of these wastes not only take up a lot of land, and the resulting solid dust piled on the environment caused great harm. Comprehensive utilization of solid waste on the current development of China's circular economy has an important significance. For the preparation of oil  frac proppant  industrial waste refers to a higher content of alumina, silica and other useful components of industrial solid wastes such as red mud, fly ash, ceramic roller production wastes. Preparation of the adoption of these solid waste oil fracturing proppant that can be salvaged, but also protect the environment, the development of oil  fracturing proppant  in one direction.

Petroleum proppant find a breakthrough for the development of new resources

    Oil  frac proppant  Currently most used clay binder with its incorporation of clay different quality and fineness of fly ash is generally about 10 to 17% of the individual reaches 20%. Oil fracturing proppant is determined according to the plasticity of fly ash. Good plasticity such as fly ash can be used or not as bad plastic ash can also use another multi varieties binder binder good about viscoplastic less Conversely, the more can be used.
    Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand equipment operating pipeline transportation as alumina or other abrasive materials easily at extremely easy frayed at the elbow caused by leakage of material. Therefore, it is necessary to place the elbow reinforcement reinforcing the lower position is at the elbow. Ceramic sand do so primarily to prevent air from escaping when away material, but also in the warehouse roof design baghouse This allows air to escape when the material can not be taken away. And be sure to regularly check the bag if there is damage but also timely replacement.
     Proppant  a fluxing action, a certain amount of clay which can reduce the sintering temperature of Fe2O3 has a certain effect solubilization. Another clay ash sintering temperature lower than the overall decrease after adding clay sintering temperature. Some binders fluxing action stronger than clay. The raw materials can be used for binders are many. In addition to clay binders commonly used but also have shale, coal gangue, pulp waste, bentonite, etc. but the most used is clay.
    Petroleum  Ceramic proppant  primary role of binder thickening, when larger particles of fly ash fineness not meet the technical requirements molding is difficult to diverge Pelletizing ball after raw intensity difference, fragile transport during the sintering process the breakage rate is higher. When fly ash was still very small when the damage is very high. Solve this problem you need to add clay thickening agent to improve the plasticity of fly ash in order to facilitate forming granulation improve yield.