Preparation of oil shale residue proppant

Preparation of oil shale residue proppant research hydraulic fracturing technology is an efficient technology of oil field production. The process is to use the high pressure pump group on the ground, the high viscosity of fracturing fluid to greatly exceed resin coated frac sand displacement of the absorptive capacity is injected into the borehole, at the bottom to suppress high pressure; When the pressure is greater than the wall near the formation stress and formation rock tensile strength, near the bottom of the formation of cracks; Continue to inject with natural gas fracturing sand fluid, crack extension forward and is filled with fracturing proppant, shut-in after fracture closure on the filling of proppant, finally have emerged near the bottom hole formation has certain geometry dimension and flow conductivity of fracture, is advantageous for the crude oil around faster into the bottom of the well, achieve the goal of production. Hydraulic fracturing proppant as the important filling medium, its performance directly affects the whole well production capacity. So, the research of high performance oil proppant for oilfield production is very necessary. Oil fracturing proppant * main points of natural quartz sand, artificial ceramsite proppant, resin coated proppant (i.e., resin coated proppant) three categories, the effect of coated sand and resin coated ceramsite proppant and points two kinds. Natural quartz sand because of the sphericity is bad, low intensity, but the lowest cost, so generally used in great quantities in the shallow well; Artificial ceramsite proppant due to its good sphericity, high strength, corrosion resistance is strong, as well as good conductivity, by a large number of used for medium and deep well fracturing..

Shale gas reservoir fracturing proppant settlement

Shale gas reservoir fracturing proppant settlement regularity and the experimental research on shale gas development is a system, a vast amount of engineering, its high technical requirements and more money. Horizontal well development and technology of hydraulic fracturing is the core of the shale gas development. Than with conventional guanidine gum fracturing fluids, gliding water to form complex fracture network, greatly improve the effect of well stimulation. As a result, the shale gas reservoir fracturing slippery water often used as a fracturing fluid, large displacement, low viscosity construction method. Low viscosity, but due to slippery water carrying capacity is poor, proppant settlement regularity with different conventional petroleum proppant gum fracturing fluid. At present, China about shale gas reservoir, fracturing proppant settlement rule research focuses on the theoretical aspects, construction technology and main draw lessons from foreign practices, or software simulation based on the experience, lack of effective means of experiment; Especially for gliding water carrier proppant settlement, the migration regularity of research is still in its infancy, lack the necessary indoor experiment and system theory to guide the shale gas reservoir fracturing design and construction. To this end, the author designed a model device, and through the device simulation gliding water carrier in the fracture process, studies the construction capacity, seam width, proppant sand particle size and viscosity of fracturing fluid and than within the fracture parameters such as Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants settlement and the influence of the conveyance speed, so as to provide reference for establishing reasonable construction parameters.

Ceramsite oil fracturing proppant is reviewed

Oil fracturing proppant plant is keep deep strata rock fracture crack state support, its role is to support two wall cracks, to stop pump injection, in bottom hole pressure drop to less than closure pressure leads to the fracture of oil and gas Wells eye has remained open. Injection in oil and gas well fracturing proppant purpose is to improve the permeability of reservoir capacity, increase oil production. Since 1947, when the hydraulic fracturing technology was successfully in the United States has more than 60 years of development, proppant material also changed a lot. 50 ~ 60 s of the 20th century, aluminum ball, plastic ball, walnut shell, glass used as proppant material, but due to their own defects have been eliminated. The proppant used at present is mainly quartz sand and ceramsite. Current situation of the development of oil fracturing well fracking proppant as oil fracturing proppant, quartz sand has a relatively low density, is advantageous for the construction of pumping, the advantages of low price. However, there is also a strength is low, easy to broken, sphericity and low surface roughness, is not conducive to guide the oil permeability shortcomings. Therefore, quartz sand is only applicable to shallow Wells, low closure pressure the hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas layer. For the deep low permeable reservoirs, as a result of the buried depth of oil and gas layer is relatively great, formation closure pressure is high, the temperature is high, the main use of artificial ceramsite proppant.

Hydraulic fracturing proppant backflow control measures are discussed

Hydraulic fracturing proppant backflow control measures to investigate the hydraulic fracturing is the main measures to increase productivity and augmented injection of low permeable oil fields, but in most cases, the fracturing proppant after construction with the drainage or oil and gas production and backflow, fracturing fluid friction proppant will be out of the cracks. Problems mainly has two aspects: one is not choose the reasonable time to control the fracturing proppant migration, resulting in a large number of proppant backflow to the shaft (spit out fracturing sand), or in the near wellbore zone and broken, thus make the reservoir area proppant little or distribution is not reasonable. It largely reduce the fracture diverting capacity, serious can lead to the failure of the fracturing operation; Second, flowback flow control is bad, make the frac sand companies of proppant rushed out of the mouth of the well, stab put nozzle and other equipment damage. Buried in the production of perforation pump barrel, even lead to higher maintenance costs and frequent downtime. Therefore, in the process of fracturing operation, must maximize fracturing fluid flowback rate, decrease fracturing fluid to the formation of pollution, and to minimize the proppant backflow, improve the effect of hydraulic fracturing, carrying out a research into the proppant backflow control measures, to improve the level of low permeable oilfield development is of far-reaching significance. The main factors influencing the proppant backflow is analysed in terms of single grain of proppant, when its under free state, the little energy can be brought into the wellbore, this kind of situation usually occurs at the beginning of the drainage; And when the proppant in the seam.

Hydraulic fracturing proppant backflow control measures are discussed

Hydraulic fracturing proppant backflow control measures to investigate the hydraulic fracturing is the main measures to increase productivity and augmented injection of low permeable oil fields, but in most cases, the fracturing proppant after construction with the drainage or oil and gas production and backflow, fracturing fluid friction proppant will be out of the cracks. Problems mainly has two aspects: one is not choose the reasonable time to control the fracturing proppant migration, resulting in a large number of proppant backflow to the shaft (spit out fracturing sand), or in the near wellbore zone and broken, thus make the reservoir area proppant little or distribution is not reasonable. It largely reduce the fracture diverting capacity, serious can lead to the failure of the fracturing operation; Second, flowback flow control is bad, make the frac sand companies of proppant rushed out of the mouth of the well, stab put nozzle and other equipment damage. Buried in the production of perforation pump barrel, even lead to higher maintenance costs and frequent downtime. Therefore, in the process of fracturing operation, must maximize fracturing fluid flowback rate, decrease fracturing fluid to the formation of pollution, and to minimize the proppant backflow, improve the effect of hydraulic fracturing, carrying out a research into the proppant backflow control measures, to improve the level of low permeable oilfield development is of far-reaching significance. The main factors influencing the proppant backflow is analysed in terms of single grain of proppant, when its under free state, the little energy can be brought into the wellbore, this kind of situation usually occurs at the beginning of the drainage; And when the proppant in the seam.

Hydraulic fracturing proppant backflow control measures are discussed

Hydraulic fracturing proppant backflow control measures to investigate the hydraulic fracturing is the main measures to increase productivity and augmented injection of low permeable oil fields, but in most cases, the fracturing proppant after construction with the drainage or oil and gas production and backflow, fracturing fluid friction proppant will be out of the cracks. Problems mainly has two aspects: one is not choose the reasonable time to control the fracturing proppant migration, resulting in a large number of proppant backflow to the shaft (spit out fracturing sand), or in the near wellbore zone and broken, thus make the reservoir area proppant little or distribution is not reasonable. It largely reduce the fracture diverting capacity, serious can lead to the failure of the fracturing operation; Second, flowback flow control is bad, make the frac sand companies of proppant rushed out of the mouth of the well, stab put nozzle and other equipment damage. Buried in the production of perforation pump barrel, even lead to higher maintenance costs and frequent downtime. Therefore, in the process of fracturing operation, must maximize fracturing fluid flowback rate, decrease fracturing fluid to the formation of pollution, and to minimize the proppant backflow, improve the effect of hydraulic fracturing, carrying out a research into the proppant backflow control measures, to improve the level of low permeable oilfield development is of far-reaching significance. The main factors influencing the proppant backflow is analysed in terms of single grain of proppant, when its under free state, the little energy can be brought into the wellbore, this kind of situation usually occurs at the beginning of the drainage; And when the proppant in the seam.

Shale gas development has a long service life and long production cycle

Shale gas development has a long service life and long production cycle, most of the gas shale distribution range, Chinese rock gas frac sand companies in thickness, and the common gas, makes gas shale gas well to long-term stability. But the shale gas reservoir permeability is low, mining is difficult. As the world's energy consumption rising, including shale gas, unconventional energy more and more be taken seriously. The United States and Canada and other frac sand already realized shale gas commercial development. Shale gas reservoirs usually assumes the physical characteristics of low porosity, low permeability, flow resistance than conventional natural gas, all well need to implement reservoir fracturing can be mined. On the other hand, the recovery rate is lower than the conventional gas shale gas, conventional gas recovery rate over 60%, and shale gas is only 5% ~ 60%. Low yield affects people enthusiasm for it, the United States there have been some advanced technology can improve the yield of shale gas well. China's shale gas reservoir compared with America, such as shale gas reservoirs of the sichuan basin buried depth than the United States, the depth of shale gas in the United States in 800 ~ 2600 meters, and the embedded depth of shale gas reservoirs of the sichuan basin in 2000 ~ 3500 meters. The increase of the depth of the shale gas will undoubtedly again on our immature technology adds to the difficulty.

Widely used in water treatment filter and oil field and other hydraulic support agent

Shale ceramsite sand is made of high quality clay are super fineness 300 ball material and the high temperature burn becomes over 1300 degrees Celsius, are widely used in water treatment filter and hydraulic support agent such as oil field. Is the latest material to replace quartz sand gravel and fiber. Ceramic material has the advantage that: the high fracturing proppant burn round smooth, high strength, under the hydraulic impact is not easy to broken, no harmful trace elements, the pollution of water quality filter permeability is strong, good adsorption, uniform size, especially the ceramic materials have high aluminum content, the effect of frac sand in water into three aluminium chloride, aluminium chloride alkali, purifying water quality. Shale ceramsite sand filter material is qualitative light, specific surface area, adsorption floating capability is strong, and has wear-resisting, resistance to erosion, microporous, sewage capability is strong, stable performance, etc. Shale ceramsite sand filter material in shale ceramsite sand base makings, finishing, and it has enough mechanical strength. To avoid in the process of scour, fractured because of friction. Have enough chemical stability, in alkaline, neutral and acidic don't dissolve in water or oil. Is the processing and purification acid, alkaline water the best products. Have certain particles after the match. Rough surface and edges. Can protect filtration velocity, and have a plenty of carrying capacity. Able to adapt to and meet the requirements of oil or water purification design. Use of shale ceramsite sand skeleton material as light set, adding ceramic sand, slag or fly ash and other industrial waste, using cement as cementing material, the production of products with light weight, insulation, energy saving, etc. USES of the product as a building wall materials to realize building energy efficiency. According to the test, ceramsite sand block 40 cm thick clay solid brick wall heat transfer coefficient is equal to 1.48 m thickness, energy saving, thermal insulation effect is very significant. Not bearing porous thermal insulation block (light aggregate concrete small hollow block). According to the design requirements for production, can be used as a frame structure design of filling wall materials, suitable for high-rise buildings. Light concrete bearing porous thermal insulation block. According to the design requirements of building enterprise production, can be used as the frame structure design of wall materials, product features besides has the performance of heat preservation and energy saving, also has high strength, bearing the characteristics of the suitable for multistory buildings (8). Inside the porous wall. The product specification as follows: width 30 cm, 60 cm; The thickness of the 6 cm to 12 cm; For any length. As a building wall plate, high construction speed, sound insulation, heat preservation, low cost, suitable for various building structures. 4, insulation hollow beam trough plate. According to the requirements of design production, solve the multi-story or high-rise building concrete ring beam in difficult problems of poor heat transfer coefficient, heat preservation performance, suitable for all kinds of structure of the building.

Shale gas development has extensive geological significance

Shale gas development has extensive geological significance, exists in nearly all of the basin, but due to large buried depth, gas saturation difference respectively have different industrial value. Chinese traditional sense of the fracture of the shale gas, shale reservoirs, shale fracture reservoirs, fractured reservoirs is fracturing proppant with this pretty, but I did not consider which does not take into account the adsorption mechanism of the primary attributes of natural gas, and understanding on the subject for free phase of gathered in the cracks of the shale oil and gas. Therefore belongs to incomplete in the sense of shale gas. As a result, China's concept of mud shale fractured reservoir in today's connotation of shale gas is not identical with the United States, respectively in the hydrocarbon source of material content, storage phase, are large differences in the characteristics and composition of China's major basins and regions shale gas resource is about 15 trillion - 30 trillion cubic meters, 28.3 trillion cubic meters of the same with the United States, a huge economic value. On the other hand, long production period is also a remarkable characteristics of shale gas. Shale gas frac sand companies life generally up to 30 ~ 50 years, or longer. The federal geological survey according to the latest figures, the United States in fort basin Barnett shale gas field production life of up to 80 ~ 80. Mining long life, means that the value of development and utilization of large, it also determines its development potential. Shale gas

Shale gas, are mined from shale gas, is an important unconventional gas resources

Shale gas, are mined from shale gas, is an important unconventional gas resources. The formation and enrichment of shale gas has its unique characteristics, are often distributed in basin large thickness, wide distribution of shale formation hydrocarbon source rock. fracturing proppant to conventional gas, shale gas development has a long service life and long production cycle, most of the gas shale distribution range, thickness, and universal gas, which makes the shale gas well to long-term gas at a steady rate. A state with a free or adsorption hiding in shale and mudstone layer of gas shale gas, unconventional day is becoming a stirring power in the world market. This is the international energy industry is called "game changer" gas, greatly changed the pattern of energy of the world. Especially occurs in unconventional gas in shale. Shale is dense rock, so it can also be classified as dense atmosphere. Industrial development success only for North America (mainly the United States). It began in the Appalachian basin of devonian system shale, as the dark brown or black, rich organic matter, but a lot of frac sand companies. Reservoir space is given priority to with cracks, and in the form of adsorbed gas and water soluble gas occurrence, for low (negative) pressure, low saturation (30%), and thus provide sustainable. But in the fracture development zone, to obtain the higher yields underground explosions and fracturing renovation measures such as protection results. In the mid - 1990 - s has been expanded to Michigan and Illinois basin, the reservoir and expand to the carboniferous shale, output of 8.4 billion cubic meters. The resource of trillions of cubic meters.

Ceramsite

Ceramsite: flowers, flowers, nursery, frac sand industry home and abroad generally used ceramsite as water, fertilizer, the best material storage for ceramsite is high temperature sintered porous structure material, mass scale appearance with a layer of ceramic shaft, inside the honeycomb micropore, so it has the function of water storage fat storage and fracturing proppant the advantages of not harden soil, luxury hotels are flowers, trees, community garden ideal material. Green filter materials compared with organic filter materials such as plastic, ceramic and ceramic sand used in sewage treatment plant, water plant, etc

Filtration material, when the full absorption of sludge, with water backwashing, make its repeated use, the waste to landfill, because its itself is argillaceous SLATE by sintering and become, after the landfill can form new soil layer and page, will not damage the environment, is a green filter material, the repetition of reusability, still can greatly decrease the cost of wastewater treatment or water filtration

MaiDeTao grain has been "standard

MaiDeTao granule frac sand applied for API, Q1 system certification and passed the ISO9001 quality management system certification and oil exploration and development research institute in langfang branch proppant evaluation fracturing proppant testing, the performance indexes of products completely accord with ISO13503-2 standard.

The aim of the MaiDeTao proppant grain production

Matt and specialization in the ceramsite manufacturing technology the pursuit of excellence. MaiDeTao proppant grain production tenet is biggest in practice optimization flow conductivity of propping agent. By frac sand companies proppant diverting capacity to help customers improve the economic benefit, get most of the gas in the reservoir, to offset the upfront input, matt's ceramsite proppant with sand as the basic materials of products, to provide customers with better effect: to improve the return on investment; For the exploration and production companies reduce the cost of exploration Wells and development; All our ceramsite products belong to inert, for environmentally friendly products. Matt has can produce a variety of types of ceramsite proppant production line, can help any type of frac sand gas well productivity and economic returns. Through effective global distribution network, matt can meet the needs of world customers in a timely manner.

Reported surge in U.S. shale oil production or reshape world oil industry

According to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 5 月 14 reported that the International Energy Agency (IEA) 14 announced an interim report that the next five years, one-third of the world's new oil supply will come from the United States.Unconventional gas BBC said that the U.S. has proven shale oil Grain unexpectedly rose substantially likely to change the global crude oil producing countries contrast pattern.
The report shows that the North American market in the supply of crude oil off the waves are spread worldwide. U.S. crude oil imports from the country into a net exporter to the Middle East crude oil demand will slow down.ceramic ball In addition, by 2015, the United States will replace Russia as the world's largest natural gas producer. 2035, U.S. domestic demand for energy will "self-sufficiency." International Energy Agency Director-General van der Hoeven (Maria van der Hoeven) said that, for many years in North America than-expected supply growth has impacted every corner of the world oil market. U.S. surge in oil production will undoubtedly reshape the entire crude oil industry. The agency also said that from 2012 to 2018, the U.S. daily crude oil production will increase by 390 million barrels, representing the traditional non-OPEC oil-producing countries to increase production by two thirds.
BBC noted that the surge in oil production in the United States known as the energy market, in large part due savior shale oil. However, its production process is widely applied  hydraulic fracturing  technology has been questioned by environmentalists. It is reported that France has banned the technology.

Shale gas development where the main environmental threats

Exploration and exploitation of shale gas potential environmental hazard does exist, reflected in the five areas.
The first is that the water came from.Ceramic proppant Shale gas water consumption is large, several times the conventional gas exploration. If the operating block near abundant runoff, shale gas problem. If you just have nearby creeks, streams will dry shale gas.
Secondly, the use of  hydraulic fracturing  of shale gas extraction technology, fracturing fluid to add a variety of chemical substances. These chemicals are safe, and whether it will penetrate into the groundwater to early preparedness. In addition, there are chemicals leaking into surface water hazards. Pollution of surface water and groundwater in shale gas exploitation are required precautions.
The third aspect relates to underground flowback wastewater treatment. Flowback wastewater pumped downhole not contain chemical substances, as well as the formation of the unknown substance, are potential sources of contamination.
The fourth aspect of the atmospheric pollution. Shale gas exploitation in the fracturing fluid is made from sand mixed with water, sand pressed into shale gas displace them. Sand is ground prior to use of very fine particles, blown air is contaminated itself. Construction process, if the wall is not strong enough, gas, and sand may also spread to the air pollution.
In addition, shale gas mining process,frac sand use diesel truck transport water and gas, substantial increase in the number of trucks on the air pollution caused by emissions.
Finally, fugitive methane emissions are also potential sources of contamination. Shale gas is the main component is methane, methane is more powerful than carbon dioxide greenhouse gases, once the leak will cause the chain of contamination.
But I think that these problems can be controlled, the government has enacted laws and regulations to regulate.

The international development of shale gas

Global shale gas development is not common, only the United States and Canada a lot of work in this area. Among them, the United States has entered a rapid development of  shale gas  development stage of commercial exploitation in Canada is still in its infancy. U.S. shale gas development has 80 years of history, the oil companies involved in the 23 from 2005 to 2007, the development of 64. 2000 U.S. shale gas annual production of 122 billion cubic meters, while in 2007, only Newark East's annual production of shale gas reached 21.7 billion cubic meters, U.S. shale gas production close to 50 billion cubic meters, accounting for the total U.S. natural gas the amount of more than 8%. But from the U.S. Energy Information Administration data show website: U.S. shale gas production accounts for natural gas production increased from 2007 to 2011 were 8.07% (2007), 11.09% (2008), 15.19% (2009), 21.69% (2010 ), 29.85% (2011). Experts said that the U.S. shale gas is growing faster than the United States can not do without the support of national policy and the development of advanced technologies,fracturing proppant and this is at least 2015 Chinese do not have. The late 1970s, the U.S. government in the "energy windfall Law" provides tax subsidies unconventional energy development policy, since Texas since the early 1990s, the development of shale gas do not charge taxes on production. In addition, the United States has also set up a special research fund of unconventional oil and gas resources. It can be said that the U.S. government's emphasis on the development of shale gas shale gas development provided a strong impetus. Shale gas in terms of this new thing, a favorable policy support will undoubtedly greatly reduce development costs and stimulate the development of shale gas. With the rapid increase in shale gas production, the IEA predicts that by 2015 the United States will overtake Russia to become the world's largest natural gas producer. U.S. Energy authorities have predicted that shale gas will replace coal and become second only to the second-largest U.S. oil energy resources, and may change the U.S. energy production patterns. By 2012, shale gas production increased energy prices have been pulled down, the revitalization of the U.S. manufacturing sector has become a magic weapon. European Airbus and many large international companies to move into the U.S. of some manufacturing projects, is the value of local low energy prices. In addition, thanks to the shale gas revolution " hydraulic fracturing " technology, shale oil (a petroleum) production also increased rapidly, so that U.S. oil production rebounded strongly, leading to 2011, the United States since 1949, first became net exporter of refined petroleum products. The IEA believes that by 2020 the United States will become the world's largest crude oil producer. U.S. ConocoPhillips CEO Ryan Lance said that by the mid-1920s, the United States will not have to import oil. The rapid development of U.S. shale gas has changed America's energy consumption structure, not only reduces the consumption of coal and other energy ratio, but also reduces the dependence on Middle East oil and energy state, triggering a worldwide revolution in shale gas development.

Adopt new technologies, unconventional oil production is increasing rapidly.

In 2005, the then U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney (oil giant Halliburton's former CEO) and promoted by the vigorous lobbying, Congress passed the "Energy Policy Act" prohibits EPA using the "Safe Drinking Water Act "Control oil and gas extraction, eliminating the widespread use of  Hydraulic fracturing  and horizontal drilling technology is the biggest obstacle. German "international politics" bimonthly 2013 March-April issue publication Heinrich - Böll Foundation Chairman Ralph? Fox entitled "resource curse," the article states that "the rapid extraction technique leads recoverable oil and more and more natural gas resources. "

Using hydraulic fracturing technology, not only to re-develop old oil fields, but also to mass exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources. United States, "Washington Post" Web site published in October 2011,ceramic ball chairman of Cambridge Energy Research Associates Daniel Yergin, entitled "Oil New World Order," the article describes, the use of hydraulic drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing technology made from dense rocks More and more oil. In 2000, U.S. oil production is tight rock Nissan 20 million barrels per day by 2020 will reach 300 million barrels a day after, the equivalent of U.S. daily oil output of 1/3.

Harvard Business School published study reported that U.S. oil production of 800 million barrels from 2013 to 2020 of 1160 million barrels of foreign oil dependency has risen from 60 per cent in 2005 to 42% in 2012. U.S. "national interest" bimonthly web site in March 2013 introduced in the U.S. energy supply of oil from the Middle East accounted for only 14%. Citibank estimates that by 2020, U.S. oil production will reach 13 million barrels to 15 million barrels, which will assist in North America as the "New Middle East." International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2017,frac sand companies the United States will surpass Saudi Arabia as the world's largest oil producer. To 2035, the United States almost able to achieve oil self-sufficiency.

British "Financial Times" Web site in November 2012 issued a "explore: energy, security and reshape the Modern World," a book of Daniel Eugene entitled "U.S. Energy is changing the world," the article pointed out: "Although oil production has undergone tremendous changes, but even less dependent on energy imports can not get rid of U.S. geopolitical logic, they would remain closely connected with the entire world. "

Partial lifting of the ban on offshore oil drilling, planned exploitation of domestic oil resources.

U.S. proven oil reserves of the world's proven oil reserves account for only about 2%. In 1981, the U.S. Congress passed a bill to freeze 4.8 km from the coastline to 322 km of the U.S. continental shelf oil;hydraulic fracturing 1991, U.S. President George W. Bush signed an executive order that will take zones extend to the Gulf of Mexico oil region of Alaska near the center and all the offshore overseas waters, the ban is valid until 2002; 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton will ban was extended to 2012. In 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush saw oil prices exceeded $ 140 per barrel, proposed ban offshore oil bill, but the Federal Court of Appeal to the "lack of scientific basis" as an excuse, rejected Bush's ban plan.

The United States in 20 years non-exploitation of offshore petroleum resources in the main area, one is to protect the ecological environment. U.S. offshore oil exploration areas spill has occurred several times, causing serious environmental pollution. Second, protection of domestic oil resources. U.S. implementation of "dwelling on the far" oil strategy,frac sand not only in order to protect the domestic non-renewable, dwindling oil resources, but also to control the global oil market, profiteering and maintain world hegemony. Robert Bryce in his "energy independence of the road" in his book "than the U.S. domestic oil industry, more importantly, is the world's economic health, and if the expulsion of the Saudi royal family of Saudi oil leaving the military coup of stagnant flow, then the whole world economy will fall into chaos. "Therefore," We need to continue to work with Saudi Arabia and other key energy producing countries diplomatic cooperation, because even if we have more and more domestic energy supply, they will continue to affect the international market. "in five Middle East war,Proppant the United States mobilize support for Israel and the Gulf War and the Iraq war, is to control the Middle East strategic and war for oil.

In order to reduce dependence of foreign oil and expand employment, in March 2010, President Obama announced the partial lifting of the ban on offshore oil and gas exploration areas. A year later, President Obama proposed to increase U.S. energy independence the new target,Unconventional gas announced in 2025, the United States will reduce oil imports 1/3 in order to "increase U.S. energy independence."

Energy Saving: saving energy future choice

Energy crunch facing the unavoidable future of energy may be the best strategy, it is also likely to avoid the economic, social and ecological destruction of the only best choice.Hydraulic fracturing Whether energy policymakers choose which path the next few decades, the world will face in the future energy limit.

If rebuilding the global energy infrastructure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,Proppant it means that you want to cancel on oil, coal, natural gas stimulus policies and subsidies, and transfer to include solar, wind, geothermal and other renewable energy industries.frac sand As long as fossil fuels are still in use, it is necessary for carbon dioxide capture and storage.

Seventy--one percent of Americans agree that exporting domestic natural gas will help create U.S. jobs

according to a new poll conducted by Harris Interactive for API’s “What America is Thinking on Energy Issues” series.
      "American voters know that exporting more of America's domestic energy would lead to more jobs,hydraulic fracturing help the economy, and reduce the nation’s trade deficit," said API Chief Economist John Felmy. "The United States has the opportunity to get it right and use its abundant supplies of clean-burning natural gas resources to meet the president’s goal for doubling U.S. exports by 2015.”
      The telephone poll of 1,006 registered American voters found that in addition to supporting the U.S. economy and job creation, more U.S. natural gas exports would help reduce the U.S. trade deficit (63 percent), helps keep energy dollars here in the U.S. rather than being sent to other regions of the world (66 percent),frac sand and increase the nation’s energy security (64 percent).

      Positive support for exporting U.S. natural gas by a majority of American voters is reinforced by facts reported in a recent study produced by ICF International. The study finds that U.S. LNG exports could spur strong domestic economic and job growth.

    “Industry advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have led to a dramatic increase in the estimated recoverable  shale gas  resources here in the U.S.,” said Felmy. “The American people get it. The U.S. can be a global energy superpower as long as our leaders pursue smart energy policy. We are also the global leaders on clean air.Proppant Technological advances that have enabled us to reach natural gas from shale have also helped the U.S. lower its carbon dioxide to 1994 levels.”

Shale oil has been classified as oil-producing countries in Africa experiencing one of the most serious threats

According to data provided by the International Energy Agency , from this year to 2018 , the United States and Canada 's oil production will grow 21 % or more. This means that a historic ,Frac sand far beyond human expectation reversal. It is reported that , after peaking in 1970 , U.S. crude oil production continues to decline for 20 years, until 2008 , after the success of shale oil development . With the " fracking " and other mining technology makes deep in North Dakota and Texas shale oil resources can be a lot of mining, U.S. crude oil production has increased to its highest level in 21 years . In addition, other areas of shale reserves , such as Pennsylvania, the vast majority of natural gas based.

Obviously , accounting for about one third of global oil production OPEC , the U.S. shale oil change startled. 2010 , the organization expects 2014 U.S. and Canadian oil production for Nissan 1180 million barrels. Just two years later, the expectations have been raised to 1,450 barrels per day.

In fact , just five years ago, the rapid growth of oil production is still a "not what might happen ," frac sand companies because shale oil production requires oil prices remain at least $ 70 a barrel , which was basically a non- sustained . However, in the past two years , by the Libyan civil war and tensions in the Gulf States and other OPEC boosted geopolitical risks , oil prices have gone far beyond the $ 70 level.

In view of the increase in domestic production , three African members of OPEC - Nigeria, Algeria and Angola 's oil exports to the U.S. fell to the lowest level in decades . According to data provided by the United States Department of Energy , 2012 U.S. imports from the three African countries, the scale of oil , 41% less than in 2011 , largely due to shale oil production soared. In comparison, in 2012 the Saudi oil exports to the U.S. grew by 14%. Recently, Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi said that the growth of non-conventional energy supply will not be in the global oil supply in Saudi dominance threat. The reason is simple , the demand is also increasing. Naimi said: " I ​​think that we should not be afraid of new supply ...... , cakes becoming large enough to allow people to share ."

However, Madhu Exeter have seen their faces danger. This month, she was in the UK , said, " shale oil has been classified as oil-producing countries in Africa experiencing one of the most serious threats in view of African oil-producing countries is gradually being out of the U.S. market, they may lose 25 % of its oil income . "

Some analysts pointed out , with Saudi Arabia 's heavy sour crude oil are different, the production of light sweet crude oil in Nigeria and shale oil in direct competition. Because of this, Nigeria hardest hit . Others do not provide services for the U.S. market, OPEC members , such as Iran , but also on the rise in U.S. shale oil production there are a lot of dissatisfaction . In an interview with " Wall Street Journal " interview, Iran's OPEC representative pointed out that the U.S. shale oil production rose and lukewarm demand for oil is low oil prices.

According to reports , so far,ceramic proppant shale oil in the United States challenges the question of how much OPEC members did not reach consensus. Undoubtedly, the organization may not afford the new divisions . 2008 , as oil prices fell below $ 100 a barrel , Saudi Arabia was forced to abandon unilateral decision to increase production .

U.S. shale oil boom exacerbate differences within OPEC

"Wall Street Journal" reported that the U.S. energy industry boom is intensifying OPEC (OPEC) internal differences.hydraulic fracturing The organization had to face in the global oil trade revolution of the environment, such differences may result in Africa and the Arab rift between Member States.

On Friday, OPEC meeting in Vienna, focused on rising U.S. shale oil production impact, and spawned differences. Most vulnerable to the impact of the OPEC member countries should be urged to do when oil prices fall further reduce production preparation. Gulf members of OPEC representative said that "We are to some problems."

OPEC oil and the United States that produce shale oil level almost African Member States, (such as Algeria and Nigeria),frac sand from North America are suffering the worst effects of the oil boom. Nigeria's Petroleum Resources Minister Madhu Exeter that the U.S. shale oil is a "serious concern."

In comparison, the Gulf States, especially Saudi Arabia, robust growth in the U.S. shale oil shock lightest. You know, in all members of OPEC, only the Gulf countries have cut production flexibility. However, several delegates said, despite having this flexibility, however unlikely Gulf States agreed at its meeting on Friday cut.

This will exacerbate problems in recent years, OPEC's power struggle. It is understood that require the use of high oil prices to fill domestic spending and offset the decline in production affect Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, often to the Saudi-led Gulf conflict. As we all know, the Gulf states are financially strong to withstand lower oil prices.

Of course, OPEC had to overcome in the face of external threats when a series of internal differences.ceramic ball It is worth mentioning that in 2008 during the outbreak of the global financial crisis, OPEC members agreed to reduce the more than 400 million barrels of daily output, aimed at suppressing the price of oil fell. However, the differences between the representatives have said that in view of the North American OPEC oil supply rose for impact is not evenly distributed, so the use of coordinated production cuts to support oil prices will become more difficult.

How dollars into commodity currencies?

Then the dollar and how it becomes a commodity currencies?
Growing oil production can effectively reduce U.S. foreign oil dependence, but at the same time, the world's other major economies such as the EU, Japan, Asia and other emerging countries, because of reduced production and other factors facing increasing energy gap .Hydraulic fracturing According to EIA forecasts that by 2035, the European daily oil imports rose from 10 million barrels to 12 million barrels, while the next 20 years, Asian countries other than Japan daily oil imports will rise from 1,400 barrels to 3000 million barrels.
In future prices $ 200 / barrel basis, the U.S. net oil imports only from 2011 to $ 300 billion to $ 600 billion in 2035, while Europe increased from $ 300 billion to $ 1 trillion, from emerging countries in Asia $ 45 million rose to $ 2.5 trillion.ceramic ball From the GDP accounting point of view, the next 10 years, U.S. oil imports accounted for 2% of GDP, down from 1%, while in Europe rose to 2.5 percent from 2 percent in Japan rose to 3.5 percent from 3 percent, the Asian emerging countries from less than 4 percent to more than 5%.
This change will lead to a strong dollar. Stage, UBS estimates between the euro and the dollar should be 1:1.15-1.20 reasonable parity, the future dollar will appreciate. Similarly,frac sand companies the U.S. dollar against the yen rose 1:90-100 parity will also benefit from 1:75, and the yuan to appreciate against the U.S. dollar will not last.

Future of Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply

To the European debt crisis has battered , however, the more deadly crisis is waiting for Europe - Future Europe will be unable to protect its oil supply . Caught in this dilemma ,Ceramic proppant Europe can be said to suffer , because from a global perspective , the existing oil production is quite rich, while the internal environment unfavorable factors allows the energy industry struggling European tradition . A British think tank 's report that, in order to get rid of oil consumption dilemma, Europe needs to invest trillions of euros , however, existing policies may not attract so much investment.

Peak oil warning still fresh ,frac sand companies Greenpeace environmental slogans are everywhere , but fossil fuels will eventually not yet reached the point where so urgent . In recent years , with the massive proven oil reserves , the world's oil supply at least the next 100 years without problems. For a country, which aims to provide the impetus oil , it is not only the transport sector , manufacturing uptime guarantee , it is the basis of everyday life of ordinary people , no oil , no country can not achieve sustainable development , and more not in a competitive foothold on the international stage .

Currently, most of Europe 's oil supply from the North Sea, while the region 's oil production has declined compared to 2002 by 50%. Also includes Libya, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, these countries domestic political instability, social unrest often. These factors laid the disruption of oil supply risks. In fact, no need to rely on overseas fossil energy in Europe , through the development of local fields can solve the problem. To this end it is necessary to amend existing European energy policy , excluding the "Energy Roadmap " and reduce fossil fuel consumption requirements, this provision has so many stupid investors discouraged the European oil and gas industry .

As we all know ,  shale gas  revolution changed the U.S. energy landscape , so gas prices dropped significantly , manufacturing renaissance accelerated , the U.S. economic recovery is encouraged . In fact, the U.S. is not only rich in natural gas , but also has huge oil reserves , since gas-rich areas are often vast deposits of oil. The United States is interested in expanding oil production , which will undoubtedly speed up the economic development of the United States . In contrast Europe,unconventional gas exclusive development of renewable energy and oil and gas projects cumbersome approval process so that oil and gas developers are frustrated confidence .

Shale gas development needs facing the scientific and technological research (1)

1, shale gas resource evaluation techniques

Summary of marine and continental shale gas accumulation mechanism, enrichment patterns, create different types of shale gas accumulation model,Frac sand shale gas resource evaluation to determine the key parameters, methodology and evaluation criteria, focusing on research and development and the formation of shale gas analysis technology and equipment,shale gas as identified shale gas resources to provide technical support.

2, shale gas favorable target preferred assessment method

Save in shale gas accumulation and distribution characteristics of geological conditions, based on the technical suitability and economic analysis, focusing on shale gas reservoir geology and main controlling factors, from sedimentary facies, tectonic evolution, depth conditions, organic matter content, thermal maturity, resource abundance, etc.,ceramic ball to establish favorable target preferred shale gas evaluation methods and standards, and provide technical support for the deployment of exploration.

Investigation and assessment of shale gas resource potential

Oil and gas resources in the national strategy for selection of special, set "national investigation and evaluation of shale gas resource potential and the favorable area preferred" project,hydraulic fracturing the country is divided into the Upper Yangtze land and Dianqiangui, Middle and Lower Yangtze and the southeast, north and northeast, northwest and Tibet five major areas, shale gas resources and potential to carry out the investigation and evaluation.

1, the National Distribution of organic-rich shales

2011 to 2013, analysis of the existing regional geological survey and exploration of oil and gas and other information, the implementation of geological survey, geophysical and geochemical exploration conducted surveys and shallow wells, the completion of field profile measured 50 kilometers,frac sand non-seismic geophysical exploration 10,000 one thousand meters geological Asai 200, access to all areas of organic-rich shale basic information on land in China as soon as possible to identify the distribution of organic-rich shales and basic parameters, preferably prospective areas of shale gas resources.

2, the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation

In Sichuan and Hubei Province in east, north Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi Qiannan Nanpanjiang; Hunan - Dongting, northwestern Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Anhui; Erdos, Southern North Songliao, Bohai Bay Basin, Liaohe Depression, Tarim , Junggar and Turpan-Hami, Santanghu, Qaidam, Qiangtang, such as basins and regions, focusing on both other regions, the deployment D seismic 20,000 kilometers non-seismic geophysical exploration 40,000 kilometers,frac proppant survey wells 50 , access to shale gas system parameters to evaluate the resource potential, basic grasp of the national shale gas geological resources and recoverable resources distribution, preferably shale gas enrichment favorable target areas, study concludes that shale gas enrichment regularity. Construction of the investigation and evaluation of shale gas, exploration and exploitation and utilization of integrated demonstration area to promote the shale gas industry, the rapid formation and development.

Shale gas development goals

1, the overall goal

By 2015, the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,Unconventional gas control and distribution of shale gas resource potential, preferably a number of shale gas prospects and favorable target areas, and built a number of shale gas exploration and development, the initial realization scale production. Shale gas exploration and development of a major breakthrough in key technologies, the main production equipment to achieve independence, forming a series of national technical standards and specifications shale gas, shale gas to establish a sound industrial policy system for the "13 5" shale air rapid development has laid a solid foundation.

2, the specific planning objectives

"Twelve Five" period to achieve the following planning objectives:

(A) the basic completion of the national shale gas resource potential investigation and evaluation,ceramic ball the initial grasp of shale gas resources in the country and its distribution volume, preferably 30 to 50 shale gas prospects and 50 to 80 favorable target areas.

(2) proven geological reserves of shale gas 600 billion cubic meters, recoverable reserves of 200 billion cubic meters. 2015 production of 6.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas.

(3) forming geological conditions suited to China's shale gas resource evaluation Geological Survey and technical methods, shale gas exploration and development of key technologies and ancillary equipment.

(4) the formation of shale gas research and evaluation, resource reserves, experimental analysis and testing,fracturing proppant exploration and development, environmental protection and other areas of technical standards and specifications.

Basic principles of shale gas development

First, insist on technological innovation. Technology with unlimited potential to change the situation of limited resources,ceramic proppant through increased scientific research and international cooperation, introduction, digestion and absorption of advanced technology to master the situation to adapt our resources exploration and development, production and management techniques.

Second, insist on institutional innovation. To innovative ideas in resource development, market development, gas prices, and management innovation and institutional mechanisms to study and formulate policies.

Third is to uphold conventional and unconventional combination. Shale gas and conventional gas distribution area most overlap, transport and use in the same way, shale gas development and utilization should be given special preferential policies, and conventional natural gas combine to achieve orderly development.

Fourth, insist both self and external cooperation.frac sand Strengthen self-exploration and development technology research at the same time, to carry out cooperation with foreign companies, through international cooperation, the introduction of technology to improve the capability of independent innovation.

Fifth, adhere to both development and ecological protection. Shale gas exploration and development process to focus on the wellsite intensive construction, vegetation restoration and conservation of water resources utilization, strict drilling and completion procedures and fracturing fluid composition and emission standards,Proppant protect the ecological environment.

Opportunities facing the development of shale gas

(1) North American shale gas development technology matured, the development of shale gas for China to provide a reference.Fracturing proppant North America has formed a set of advanced and efficient exploitation of shale gas technology, large-scale application of these advanced technologies, reduce costs and improve the well production to achieve a cost-efficient development of shale gas, shale gas exploration and development for the introduction of foreign advanced technology to provide a reference.

(2) natural gas demand for  shale gas  development provides a good environment. The next ten years, China's natural gas demand will grow rapidly,shale gas natural gas demand gap will gradually expand, the development of shale gas has good market prospects.

(3) natural gas storage facilities have improved, the scale in favor of shale gas development. Some shale gas pipe network resource-rich region has facilities and small LNG and CNG technology continues to mature,frac sand companies the early development of shale gas and in-situ utilization of technical support.

OPEC can not afford a split again

U.S. counter-attack to the world's total output of 1/3 of OPEC alarmed. The organization in 2010 had predicted that in 2014 the North American oil production will reach 1180 million barrels / day,hydraulic fracturing only two years later, it revised the forecast of OPEC, the value increased to 1450 million barrels / day.

Some analysts believe that five years ago, U.S. crude oil production to rebound was an accident, because of cost, production of shale oil to be profitable, the oil price can not be less than 70 U.S. dollars / barrel. Originally erratic fluctuations in oil prices, but due to the unstable political situation within OPEC, such as the outbreak of civil war in Libya, as well as some political unrest in the Gulf countries,frac sand leading to the decline in production, but oil prices continue upward.

OPEC officials said, is studying how to eliminate the U.S. shale oil production to its impact. But nobody say where the U.S. shale oil on the international markets in the end how much. Iran, OPEC's governing Hatti than that, the North American shale oil to the international markets has increased by 1.5 million barrels / day supply. The Gulf States representatives believe that the increased supply only a maximum of 50 million barrels / day.

Prior to this, if a dispute,ceramic ball Saudi usually choose to ignore Iran and other hardline members aspirations. But experts believe that OPEC can not stand again split.

OPEC's internal contradictions

The economy riddled, food and housing scarce Algeria also need high oil prices. International Monetary Fund (IMF) said the oil price is not less than 121 U.S. dollars / barrel, Algeria to balance domestic spending.Fracturing proppant Government data show that in the first four months, the Algerian oil and gas revenues declined by 9%. The finance ministers will be directly attributed to the U.S. shale oil production increased. Important source of foreign exchange blocked, Algeria had to reduce public spending. Responsible for security affairs consulting firm NorthAfricaRisk Jeff Potter pointed out that in the case of not rising wages slashed social allowances will only increase instability.

2008 economic crisis caused by the global financial crisis, oil prices fell to lows. The face of external difficulties,ceramic ball then abandoned the hatchet of OPEC member states unanimously agreed to cut 400 million barrels / day of production quotas to support oil prices. However, the supply of crude oil in North America once again highlighted the dramatic increase in OPEC's internal conflicts, opposing sides have said that the current to reach a unified position is much more difficult than before.

International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2018, crude oil production in the United States and Canada, based on an increase in the current 21%. This is undoubtedly a stunning reversal. Since the 1970s peak, U.S. oil production has continued to decline until 2008 because the contribution of shale oil before re-see the improvement.unconventional gas Hydraulic fracturing technology breakthrough liberated USA North Dakota and Texas and other states buried shale oil resources, so that U.S. crude oil production hit a 21 year high.

Rock Oil is one of the biggest threat to oil-producing countries in Africa

But on the contrary, in 2012 the Saudi oil exports to the U.S. has expanded the scale of 14%. Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi said recently,frac sand companies the development of unconventional oil enough to threaten Saudi Arabia in the international oil trade dominance, because the demand is increasing. "I do not think outside of OPEC crude oil production is a threat, on the contrary, a bigger pie, and our more space."

Nigeria's oil minister Madueke opposite view. "Shale oil is one of the biggest threat to oil-producing countries in Africa." She stressed that the African members of OPEC would lose due to the U.S. shale oil 1/4 oil revenues. Since the production of light, sweet crude oil in Nigeria and the U.S. shale oil quality are similar, therefore pose a direct competitive relationship, while Saudi Arabia and other members of the production is higher sulfur content of heavy crude oil.

In addition to the traditional supplier countries,Proppant the United States, no trade relations with the United States OPEC members have complained. Such as Iran, says that the U.S. shale oil production increases and slow to pick up in global demand is the main reason oil prices dragged down. Saudi Arabia has the strength to digest the impact of low oil prices, Iran obviously do not have such strength. English EnergyAspect chief oil analyst Eminem Leader Sen pointed out that Venezuela and Iran, OPEC oil can withstand a minimum of 90 U.S. dollars / barrel. May 27, July Brent contract expires is $ 102.62 / barrel. Venezuela's oil minister said on that day,Ceramic proppant if oil prices fell below 100 U.S. dollars / barrel, OPEC will drive.

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) said that last year the impact of sanctions by the West, the Iranian oil embargo due to a loss of $ 26 billion in oil revenues. Therefore, Iran also needs high oil prices offset these losses.

U.S. shale oil production of OPEC differentiation

OPEC in Vienna on May 31 held a regular meeting to discuss the need to cut production to focus on price.frac sand United States, "Wall Street Journal" recently analyzed that North American shale oil within OPEC raised production potential conflicts between Member States on whether to reduce the quota is not a small difference.

In Algeria, as the representative of the African member states believe that the production of crude oil and North American shale oil level so similar North American shale oil production increased by the greater threat; Nigeria's oil minister Madueke stressed U.S. shale oil is a "big trouble ";Hydraulic fracturing while Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia then appeared very calm, these countries cut stance on the issue of flexibility than other OPEC members.

A representative of the Persian Gulf States acknowledged that OPEC is indeed in trouble. Analysts pointed out that in recent years, continued infighting within OPEC, now merely internal strife upgrade. Iran, Venezuela and Algeria, the three countries need to maintain a balance of high oil prices,Proppant domestic spending, cut stress relief, so often associated with the rich and powerful, led by Saudi Arabia, the oil price is not sensitive to the level of member states of the Gulf altercation.

As crude oil production increased, the three most important American OPEC oil supply from Africa countries - Nigeria, Algeria and Angola in 2012 exports to the U.S. fell to the lowest in 10 years, compared with 2011 decreased by 41%. U.S. Department of Energy said crude oil production, primarily shale oil contribution.

Related system is imperfect

First, the lack of policy incentives. Shale gas development investment, output cycle is long, slow return on investment.unconventional gas If there is no government support, general business difficult to enter. Although the Chinese government has introduced a number of preferential tax policies for shale gas development, but overall not enough, pertinence, the absence of clear policy. Second, there is the problem of overlapping tenements. Exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources similar to conventional oil and gas resources are managed by the Ministry of Land and unified, awarded exploration licenses. Some distributed in conventional oil and gas basin formation  shale gas  mining tenements will inevitably overlap. Third, there is the absence of relevant policies and regulations. On the one hand, the initial investment for the exploitation of shale gas is high, output cycle is long, slow return on investment characteristics, China still lacks the appropriate financial subsidies, tax incentives and other incentives. On the other hand,Fracturing proppant China's shale gas exploration and development in a number of potential areas such as the Ordos Basin, the Turpan-Hami Basin and other more serious drought and water shortage, environmental protection is also an urgent need shale gas mining process concerns that China still lacks appropriate in this regard guidance and restrictions.

Bring prosperity to the oil industry in Aberdeen

North Sea oil and gas industry revival seemed to give Aberdeen brought new prosperity. Over the past decade,Frac sand Aberdeen this booming port city in northeast Scotland's unemployment rate is lower than half the national average, while the price is doubled. Restaurant and bar was full of oil workers, they are enjoying the energy industry brought prosperity. This year, the North Sea oil and gas fields offshore investment may reach a record 13 billion pounds ($ 20.1 billion total). Previously, the North Sea oil and gas industry has been regarded as a recession. After peaking in 1999, the North Sea oil and gas industry began to decline. Now, the situation seems much improved. To 2017, offshore oil and gas production will grow to 200 million barrels of oil equivalent daily. However, this figure also reflects a problem, there's a good long time? Answer affect far more than Aberdeen. Aberdeen University's John Patterson and Greg Gordon survey by the offshore oil and gas to meet the energy needs of nearly half of the UK, supporting tens of thousands of jobs. In addition, from 2011 to 2012, unconventional gas oil and gas industry accounted for all UK companies total tax 1/4. Opposed independence for Scotland's person, an independent Scotland would rely on uncertain and declining resources, which is very unfavorable. However, support for Scottish independence who saw the prosperity of coastal development activities. They believe that Scotland would be better under their control, while in the United Kingdom under the influence of politicians, but had political problems while ignoring the North Sea development prospects. Former Labour politician Denis Healey recently admitted that the British government in the 1970s had "nationalist threat" and underestimate the value of offshore oil. Taking into account including energy price trends, technological progress and the sensitivity of tax policy and other factors, the forecast can be said that the oil industry is an extremely difficult task. British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne agreed to delay the 2011 proposed tax increases on oil fields 2 billion pounds of programs, while committed to decommissioning of old drilling platforms and pipelines to provide a relaxed policy, investment in the North Sea oil and gas began to soar. Even in the maintenance of a rapidly aging offshore facilities to spend more money, but high oil prices are still willing to make the oil companies in more challenging areas of investment. Energy companies can use precise three-dimensional seismic imaging technology horizontal drilling on the seabed for navigation, while the new hydraulic fracturing technology also makes it possible to increase oil and gas production. Statistics show that the UK Continental Shelf recoverable energy reserves of 15 billion to 240 billion barrels of oil equivalent. frac sandScottish government said the $ 113 per barrel oil prices conservative calculations, the value of the Scottish North Sea revenue over the next six years up to 48 billion pounds. However, the University of Aberdeen Business School Professor Alex Kemp pointed out that "the North Sea oil and gas exploration need to improve the management level. There are indications that North Sea oil and gas production will rise in a few years, and then be in a state of rapid decline." Production decline forecast remind people of the North Sea again decline may be expected. However, even if oil revenues decline, the impact on the fate of Aberdeen, North Sea infrastructure is also upgrading the mirage-like scene of relaxation. Senior industry consultant, said, "in many parts of oil service companies and workers have the North Sea oil and gas exploration technology to other places."

What will change the world's energy landscape?

May 15, 2013, "Financial Times" reveals a story about some essential changes of energy. First brought by the SME hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology, can not be turned on before the development of shale resources. 2013, U.S. crude oil production 50% higher than in 2008.hydraulic fracturing Analysts have speculated, including the United States, Canada and Mexico, including the North American countries within a decade to become a net oil exporter. The IEA also boldly predicted that by 2017, the United States will surpass Saudi Arabia as the world's largest oil and gas producer. Energy industry veteran consultant Joe Stanislaus said, "Most people grew up in an energy-hungry world, but now, the situation seems to have changed. Energy security and abundance are greatly enhanced." Clearly, a new understanding of shale resources to help many countries out of trouble. Verge of bankruptcy had been found in Argentina and began to use its abundant shale resources, particularly shale reserves are enormous VacaMuerta development zone. However, most of the world outside the Americas, the basic sources of power generation is still coal.Proppant Low price of coal also means that the current development of domestic shale resources less pressure and uncertainty. But that does not change over the next 20 years of large-scale oil and gas trade patterns will change the facts. Shale resource development in most countries has not only changed pattern of dependence on energy commodities, but also changed the economic model, and these two modes are national strategies and key defense programs. "Shale hot" does not mean that regional marine transportation of oil and gas pipelines or sudden stop, but it did change some of the primary energy usage patterns. May 2013, "International Herald Tribune" published an article that, "There are indications that the U.S. shale heat is set off waves of globalization, two Japanese groups and a French energy giant has agreed to invest $ 7 billion in Louisiana to build liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, and the plant will be operational in 2017. " Thus, we can see that the next decade will be the formation of a new world energy model. Japanese investors clearly saw the need for a stable gas source, thereby reducing the dependence on the Middle East oil imports.Ceramic proppant Although most countries in breaking the existing path, the use of new technologies to meet the energy needs of slow progress, but it does change the global energy situation expected. Dr. Stefan Bosuo Ni strategist in 1974, "defense and foreign affairs," a book described the United States and Canada shale and tar sands situation, he wrote that the world has at least 20 million barrels of shale oil production , of which 2,000 billion barrels of easily recoverable reserves.

History of the development of international energy trade

All along, relying on energy imports are developing countries including shale and tar sands resources, including fossil fuels, new native reserves, and energy as the power is still the driving force of social existence booster. In human history, energy is a local problem,frac sand companies it is a region in the vicinity to obtain and use the product. Then, the energy is used to change lives and strengthen political and military power to create wealth. Energy and other key factors together, creating a strong industrial center. But really started to change the world of international energy trade, which is the basis of modern industrial society. 19th century, the Spaniards in Peru will be shipped back to Europe guano mining, where guano became a substantial increase in the agricultural productivity of fertilizer.Fracturing proppant It can be said that this natural fertilizer and coal, is carried out in order to improve productivity and an early form of inter-regional transport energy. And oil, gas and other fossil fuels, are to be transported and stored form of energy. Early 20th century, the development of energy transport to another milestone. During this period, the British Royal Navy to use the internal combustion engine, we have begun to use oil or coal to drive the ship, most families have turned from the use of whale oil for lighting and the use of petroleum products to gain momentum. The early 2000s, oil,frac proppant gas and coal and other energy trading has become a large-scale form of international trade, but also promoted the development of other forms of trade.

Increase U.S. energy stored behind the prosperity Dilemma

U.S. energy boom will not be subject to the law of diminishing returns? New production from existing wells attenuation degree reflect the depletion of oil resources, which is the energy circle a hot topic.ceramic proppant Previous years, some analysts have warned that crude oil demand, but in the current U.S. unconventional energy development and prosperity in the context of the few people mention this point of view. At least for now, in the United States has just begun the exploration of oil and gas resources of the surface remains stable global energy demand in the context of oil depletion is still too early to say. However, it was pointed out that with the United States to seek energy independence intensified, oil depletion effects could have accelerated development of U.S. energy impact. AIS Capital Management president and chief investment officer John Hummel said: "The production growth is indeed slowing, although the United States has not yet reached the peak of oil production,frac sand but is close to the highest point." Hummel believes that the United States is to eat their own rest on our laurels. He also cited data showed U.S. crude oil exports on the decline, while the main reason is due to the depletion of existing wells. Along with oil depletion, fewer and fewer production from existing wells, energy companies have to keep trying to find new resources. Depletion rates of existing wells estimates there are significant differences, from 2% per year to 20%, but everybody believes that all production wells can only be getting lower and lower, until finally completely exhausted. Exxon Mobil's annual report in 2012 noted that the company plans to invest $ 190 billion worldwide looking for attractive long-term growth projects, to bring to market new energy supplies. However, for the economy to provide oil lubrication needs are in conflict with environmental concerns, environmental protection measures in fact also affects the United States and other countries, energy development, especially in mining technology of hydraulic fracturing triggered fierce environmental protests. But also on the global supply of crude oil Skeptics who slow growth of global oil production as their argument. American Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas estimates data provided show that global oil production is currently a net increase of 1%, but then growth will drop to zero by 2015, global production will be negative growth. Hummel said: "Now the annual output of crude oil from 1% to 65% more than a little bit of oil. 1960s peak oilfield exploration, after 10 years, we found that each of the resources are fewer and fewer." But , the current oil supply is still greater than demand, holding supply pessimism were obviously in the minority. The International Energy Agency recently released a report that: "North American crude oil production over the next five years, the international crude oil market will have a tremendous transformative impact, its impact will be less than the past 15 years, the impact of China's crude oil demand growth." Most of the world's crude oil production hot in the United States comes from shale resources. For the origin of several major U.S. shale resources specific capacity exists in different estimates, but some estimates, a single Bakken oil production is sufficient to meet U.S. demand for crude oil a whole century. American Petroleum Institute chief economist John Feier Mi said: "We see the decay rate of production problems,shale gas but the key lies in large-scale exploitation of oil resources to sustain their ability to Even reduced production, mining will continue for several decades As long as the continued exploitation, there will be many opportunities. "He also pointed out that many U.S. areas prohibit exploitation of crude oil, once opened, may increase the 100 billion barrels of recoverable amount.

Shale oil cost advantage is not obvious

Although the mainstream institutions statement shale oil development costs vary, but generally accepted view is that shale oil cost at least $ 75 / barrel and above. Although hydraulic fracturing another breakthrough,Unconventional gas a single horizontal well costs from $ 25 million down $ 8 million, but the current crude oil prices are still not very attractive.
In early June this year, Sinopec acquired from Pioneer Resources Division West Texas 207,000 acres of shale oil assets, for example, the cumulative output of only one million barrels / day, according to the region's oil fields, the average decline rate calculation, the next five years, the cumulative production of approximately of 500 million barrels. Mined at the lowest cost, only the amortized cost of drilling close to $ 65 / barrel, while taking into account the maintenance of hydraulic fracturing and drilling, mining costs will be $ 80 or more. The costs for the current shale oil mining the main - small independent oil companies, the current oil price is not very impressive attraction. From the perspective perspective,ceramic ball in 2015 the WTI forward price is always $ 80 or less, difficult to enhance oil production support.
Thus, with the restoration of supply and demand structure, the second half of the upstream oil market appears more likely. Half of the U.S. and European oil fast convergence, reflecting the U.S. since last year structural imbalance between supply and demand shift to the global market, but with the second quarter of the U.S. recovery in consumption and supply growth slowed, the structure of supply and demand will also radiate repair.fracturing proppant In this context, it is expected in the second half of New York and London oil prices will rise again to $ 105 and $ 112 above the level.

"World Energy Statistics Yearbook," reveals the world's energy supply and demand changes

"About 10 years ago, the United States and Canada is a huge country incremental oil imports, but now it Yueshen became an oil exporter. Why did it happen so dramatically?" BP's chief economist Christof recently in the Ruhr 2013 "BP World Energy Statistics Yearbook,"frac proppant the Chinese version (hereinafter referred to as "Yearbook") conference, stressed that "it is not because Canada has the oil sands, shale resources in the United States has the world's other countries also have a wealth of similar resources. most the reason is that Canada has a very open and fully competitive energy market environment, which in turn will lead to enterprises, especially SMEs flexible response actively carry out technological innovation, and ultimately stimulate Canada's leaps and bounds. "Ruhr also burst Antiaris pointed out that China is no reason why the revolutionary achieve as U.S.  shale gas  development objectives, in part because Chinese companies in this field are mostly large companies, the market is fully competitive conditions are not suitable for expansion. "Yearbook" that in 2012, as a dense oil and unconventional oil and gas production growth, the U.S. oil and gas production to get the world's highest growth rate, which hit the U.S. oil supply growth record. Not surprisingly, tight oil supply growth is still a force. Last year, North Dakota and Texas (United States has the most productive tight oil reserves in two states) production increased nearly 80 million barrels / day. So far this year, the supply continues to accelerate growth, increase U.S. oil production by 1.3 million barrels / day or more. Of course, the U.S. shale gas and tight oil development has become a familiar story.Proppant America has a rich resource base and horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology innovation in the field. Meanwhile, efficiency has become the rapid increase in U.S. oil production in the third key factor.

New energy revolution to defend the United States economy in the world unshakable

Eighties of last century, passed his sixtieth independent gas explorer George Mitchell began to try to get in  shale gas ,  after 20 years of trial and error, Michelle's company developed a method of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing was successfully mined shale gas. In the mining process, Michelle surprised to discover that these techniques can be used not only to collect the gas in hard rock, you can also collect rock oil. 2012, U.S. shale oil production has reached 1076 million barrels. Large-scale exploitation of shale oil and gas, the United States has brought a new energy revolution. In May this year, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that: "Because the United States in science and technology breakthroughs, we will in 2020 become a net exporter of natural gas."
Then, the IEA also predicted that the United States will be five to ten years beyond Russia and Saudi Arabia, the world's largest energy producer. In fact, U.S. crude oil imports last year,fracturing proppant the amount has dropped to its lowest level in 20 years, while inexpensive natural gas also enhances U.S. competitiveness in the chemical industry, manufacturing for the U.S. economic recovery and revival are injected into a solid power . New technology, especially shale gas revolution is changing not only the United States, leaving the original uncertain world energy becomes confusing.
U.S. Energy Department data show that in 2009 the United States with 624 billion cubic meters of natural gas production more than Russia, the world's first gas exports are expected in the next 20 years for the United States contributed $ 700 billion economic growth and create 800,000 jobs. China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Jihong that large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas is not only the United States can achieve energy self-sufficiency, but also compared with other countries, will have a more cost competitive. "Cost is good, the price is good, just a quarter of our Asia. Now go to Europe than words, if it is to count per one thousand cubic feet, then Europe is its current price six times, while Japan nine times the price it. "
In 2006, the U.S. shale gas production is only 1% of natural gas, by 2011, this figure becomes 25%, is expected to 2040, U.S. shale gas production will account for more than half of natural gas, while the price will be cheaper
Shale gas is found in shale gas,Fracturing proppant is an important unconventional gas resources. As a special storage location, and its exploitation more difficult than ordinary gas, but the environmental impact is less than oil and coal. By international standards conversion, 100 billion cubic meters of shale gas energy provided by approximately 1 million tons of oil. If the oil is called "black gold", then shale gas is relatively clean and is known as "blue gold."
The United States is currently the world's only large-scale commercial exploitation of the country. In addition, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Spain and other European countries shale gas exploration and development have made significant progress,ceramic ball is expected by 2035, Europe will gradually get rid of dependence on Russian gas, to achieve self-sufficiency in gas.

North American tight oil development prospects can be expected

Natural gas prices continued to slump in the United States under the influence, more and more companies are discovering dry gas business has been difficult to maintain profitability requirements. Meanwhile, in 2008, the international oil prices continued to rise, shale gas development technology in the tight oil development application have been successful, the operating companies are finding that even the moisture in tight oil production can achieve higher returns. In view of this, some companies began to cut jobs  shale gas  business, to put more money and energy into a dense liquid hydrocarbon-rich zone. In early 2012, in the United States engaged in the dry gas drilling rigs from 80% the proportion dropped to about 30%, while engaged in drilling activities related to oil production rig count proportion from 20% to 70%. North American tight oil rich reserves of tight oil is currently the world's most successful regional exploration and development, the main zone of tight oil Bakken, Eagle Ford, Niobrara, Utica, Wofu Kan, etc., but has invested large Only the scale of the development of North Dakota's Bakken and South Texas Eagle Ford, which is currently the main producing areas of the United States tight oil. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA),ceramic ball as of November 2011, the United States of tight oil production of nearly 90 million barrels / day, compared with the beginning of 2009 to 25 million barrels / day increased nearly three-fold, of which approximately 84% came from Pakistan Ken and Eagle Ford shale area. Wood - McKinsey October 2012 predicted that the density of the United States in 2012 is expected to reach 150 million barrels of oil production / day level, representing approximately 24% of total oil consumption; 2020, its tight oil production and the proportion of will increase to 410 million barrels / day and 45%, Bakken and Eagle Ford production growth is still the main force. Canada's tight oil areas are mainly distributed in the Western Canadian Basin and the Appalachian Mountains in eastern regions, but tight oil production started late. 2005, by the high oil prices as well as horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing techniques to promote successful commercial application, the company began operations in Canada involved in tight oil production. 2011, the Canadian tight oil production of about 14 million barrels / day by 2020 is expected to increase to 45 million barrels / day. Although the current tight oil exploration and development in Canada in the early stages, but on the tight oil in terms of the relevant basic research, Canada has done in many ways more detailed than the United States. Bakken / Aike Xiao tight oil mainly distributed in Canada, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta,frac sand Canada, is the earliest start tight oil production regions. United States Geological Survey (USGS) assessment said Canada's tight oil Bakken group can be as high as billions of barrels of recoverable reserves. Tim Carr tight oil zone is mainly distributed in Alberta, tight oil resources of the area of ​​10 billion to 30 billion barrels. As of 2011, the total proven oil reserves of 1.3 billion barrels of dense, tight oil production of about 40,000 barrels / day, is second only to the Bakken / Aike Xiao dense Canada's second-largest oil producing areas. Viking tight oil zones in Alberta and Saskatchewan are distributed, as of 2011, the district announced tight oil resources of 5,800 million barrels, yield about two million barrels / day.