High crush proppants

slightly higher than the relative density of quartz sand, conditions and performance of pumping fracturing fluids are more demanding, more difficult when fracturing, fracture stimulation，but the ball and roundness Ceramisite than quartz sand, and can reach 0.9 or more, particularly resistant resistance, temperature resistance and compressive strength are higher than quartz sand, High crush proppants thus decreasing conductivity fracture is much lower now increasingly widely used oil and gas fields

oil well fracking

the ball is poor, thereby reducing the conductivity of cracks, particularly closure does not apply to high pressure The deep, oil well fracking with a composite resin coated quartz sand particles, the sphericity improved corrosion resistance can achieve higher targets, even if the internal quartz sand is crushed, outside coated resin layer can wrap pieces, keeping the crack diversion capacity, unconventional gas is a development direction proppant, but the current product shelf life is relatively short, the cost is also high, with a variety of different materials and manufacturing process of ceramic

high crush proppants

Oil well high crush proppants construction costs need to spend hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of million, the proportion of the cost of proppant in which accounts are not large, however, the effects of quality proppant fracturing plays a crucial post the role of a direct impact on the net income of oil production.Proppants currently used quartz sand, natural gas fracking and a variety of resin-coated composite particles. Wherein the quartz sand cheapest price, relatively low density, to facilitate the construction of pumping, so it is widely used, but low-intensity quartz sand

Though sand

Though sand is a common proppant, untreated sand is prone to significant fines generation; fines generation is often measured in wt% of initial feed. A commercial newsletter from Momentive cites untreated sand fines production to be 23.9% compared with 8.2% for lightweight ceramic and 0.5% for their product.One way to maintain an ideal mesh size while having sufficient strength is to choose proppants of sufficient strength; sand might be coated with resin,to form CRCS (Curable Resin Coated Sand) or PRCS (Pre-Cured Resin Coated Sands). In certain situations a different ceramic proppant suppliers material might be chosen altogether—popular alternatives include ceramics and sintered bauxite

Proppant weight and strength

Increased strength often comes at a cost of increased density, which in turn demands higher flow rates, viscosities or pressures during fracturing, which translates to increased fracturing costs, both environmentally and economically.Lightweight fracturing proppants conversely are designed to be lighter than sand (~2.5 g/cm3) and thus allow pumping at lower pressures or fluid velocities. Light proppants are less likely to settle. Porous materials can break the strength-density trend, or even afford greater gas permeability. Proppant geometry is also important; ceramic proppant shapes or forms amplify stress on proppant particles making them especially vulnerable to crushing (a sharp discontinuity can classically allow infinite stresses in linear elastic materials)

Proppant deposition and post-treatment behaviours

frac proppant mesh size also affects fracture length: proppants can be "bridged out" if the fracture width decreases to less than twice the size of the diameter of the proppant.As proppants are deposited in a fracture, proppants can resist further fluid flow or the flow of other proppant conductivity, inhibiting further growth of the fracture. In addition, closure stresses (once external fluid pressure is released) may cause proppants to reorganise or "squeeze out" proppants, even if no fines are generated, resulting in smaller effective width of the fracture and decreased permeability. Some companies try to cause weak bonding at rest between proppant particles in order to prevent such reorganisation. The modelling of fluid dynamics and rheology of fracturing fluid and its carried proppants is a subject of active research by the industry

Proppant permeability and mesh size

Proppant used should be permeable or permittive to gas under high pressures; the interstitial space between particles should be sufficiently large, yet have the mechanical strength to withstand closure stresses to hold fractures open after the fracturing pressure is withdrawn. Large mesh proppants have greater permeability than small mesh proppants at low closure stresses, but will mechanically fail and produce very fine particulates at high closure stresses such that smaller-mesh proppants overtake large-mesh hsp proppant in permeability after a certain threshold stress